into each other – “rotation and sexual movement, whose combination is expressed by the locomotive’s wheels and pistons.”15 The circulation of planetary and cosmic energies finds its expression in a seemingly impossible, parodic unity of opposites.16 Parody is the principle of Bataille’s base materialism, which inscribes solar bifurcation at the junction of eroticism, ontology, politics, and epistemology. Stripped of its metaphysical mask of the supreme good, parodied by all kinds of erections (plants, trees, animal bodies) and involved in a constant movement of the “polymorphous and organic coitus”17 with the Earth, Bataille’s sun directs toward it its “luminous violence,” whose perfect image is a volcano.
Associating the image of the sun with violence features as a constant theme of Bataille’s writings. Sometimes he gives to it a sense that – with certain reservations – one can define as “positive,” for he sides with the violence of the sun which runs wild and identifies with the source of this violence – although the word “positive” does not really fit here, because Bataille is a philosopher of negativity, a radical Hegelian, as it were. So, to be more precise, he sides with the negative of the sun, which is, in his perspective, the site of violence. What kind of violence does he mean? How can the sun or any other nonhuman thing ever be violent? What is the place of violence within the framework of the discussion of a possible solar politics? Before touching upon these questions, I will introduce a way of conceptualizing violence beyond commonplace ideas that are more or less familiar to all of us from the contexts of contemporary life and theory.
Notes
1 1. Plato, Republic, trans. John Llewelyn Davies and David James Vaughan (London: Macmillan, 1885), 508a.
2 2. Ibid., 509b.
3 3. Ibid., 515–517.
4 4. Marsilio Ficino, The Book of the Sun (de Sole), http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~alfar2/ficino.htm.
5 5. Ibid.
6 6. Tommaso Campanella, The City of the Sun, A Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitallers and a Genoese Sea-captain, his Guest (The Floating Press, 2009), 68–69.
7 7. Ibid., 71.
8 8. Nick Land, The Thirst for Annihilation: Georges Bataille and the Virulent Nihilism (An Essay on Atheistic Religion) (London: Routledge, 1992), 28–29.
9 9. Ibid., 29.
10 10. Georges Bataille, Visions of Excess: Selected Writings 1927–1939 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), 58.
11 11. See on this, for example: Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity (New York: New York University Press, 2002).
12 12. Georges Bataille, My Mother; Madam Edwarda; The Dead Man, trans. Austryn Wainhouse (London: Marion Boyars, 1989), 50.
13 13. Land, The Thirst for Annihilation, 28.
14 14. Bataille, Visions of Excess, 5.
15 15. Ibid., 6.
16 16. See Stuart Kendall, Georges Bataille (London: Reaktion Books, 2007), 55.
17 17. Bataille, Visions of Excess, 7.
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