The Rise of Ecofascism. Alex Roberts

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as they do, we must be ready.

      1 1. Robert M. Beyer, Andrea Manica and Camilo Mora, ‘Shifts in Global Bat Diversity Suggest a Possible Role of Climate Change in the Emergence of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2’. Science of The Total Environment, 26 January 2021, 145413. See also Rob Wallace, Dead Epidemiologists: On the Origins of Covid-19 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2020).

      2 2. Umberto Eco, ‘Ur-Fascism’. New York Review of Books, 22 June 1995.

      3 3. Andreas Malm, How to Blow up a Pipeline: Learning to Fight in a World on Fire (Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2020), p. 54.

      4 4. See Sam Moore and Alex Roberts, Post-Internet Far Right (London: Dog Section Press, 2021), Introduction.

      5 5. Clive Hamilton, Requiem for a Species (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2010), p. 209.

      6 6. Geoff Mann and Joel Wainwright, Climate Leviathan: A Political Theory of Our Planetary Future (New York: Verso, 2018).

      7 7. Andreas Malm and the Zetkin Collective, White Skin, Black Fuel: On the Danger of Fossil Fascism (New York: Verso, 2021).

      8 8. For example, Mathew Lawrence and Laurie Laybourn-Langton, Planet on Fire: A Manifesto for the Age of Environmental Breakdown (New York: Verso, 2021).

      9 9. Bernhard Forchtner, ‘Eco-Fascism “Proper”: The Curious Case of Greenline Front’, Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right, 25 June 2020, https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2020/06/25/eco-fascism-proper-the-curious-case-of-greenline-front/.

      10 10. James Delingpole, The Little Green Book of Eco-Fascism: The Left’s Plan to Frighten Your Kids, Drive Up Energy Costs and Hike Your Taxes! (London: Biteback Publishing, 2014).

      11 11. Frank Uekötter, The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany, Illustrated edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 14.

      12 12. For example, Murray Bookchin, ‘Social Ecology versus Deep Ecology: A Challenge for the Ecology Movement’. Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project, Summer 1987.

      13 13. Keith Mako Woodhouse, The Ecocentrists: A History of Radical Environmentalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018), p. 2.

      14 14. Ibid, p. 196.

      15 15. Ibid.

      16 16. Ben Makuch, ‘Fascists Impersonate Climate Group to Say Coronavirus Is Good for Earth’. VICE News, 25 March 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7jmmx/fascists-impersonate-climate-group-to-say-coronavirus-is-good-for-earth.

      17 17. Emily Atkin, ‘The Antler Guy Isn’t a Climate Activist. He’s an Eco-Fascist’. HEATED (blog), 11 January 2021. https://heated.world/p/the-antler-guy-isnt-a-climate-activist; Jules Evans, ‘A Closer Look at the “QAnon Shaman” Leading the Mob’. GEN (blog), 7 January 2021. https://gen.medium.com/the-q-shaman-conspirituality-goes-rioting-on-capitol-hill-24bac5fc50e6.

      18 18. Charlotte Ward and Prof David Voas, ‘The Emergence of Conspirituality’. Journal of Contemporary Religion 26, no. 1 (2011): 103–21; see also Egil Asprem and Asbjørn Dyrendal, ‘Conspirituality Reconsidered: How Surprising and How New Is the Confluence of Spirituality and Conspiracy Theory?’. Journal of Contemporary Religion 30, no. 3 (2015): 367–82.

      19 19. Bernhard Forchtner, ‘Eco-Fascism: Justifications of Terrorist Violence in the Christchurch Mosque Shooting and the El Paso Shooting’. OpenDemocracy, 13 August 2019. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/eco-fascism-justifications-terrorist-violence-christchurch-mosque-shooting-and-el-paso-shooting/.

      20 20. Michael Mann, Fascists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 13.

      21 21. David Renton, Fascism: History and Theory (London: Pluto Press, 2020); see also Dylan Riley, The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe, reprint edn (Baltimore, MD: Verso Books, 2019).

      22 22. George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Schocken Books, 1981).

      23 23. Samir Amin, ‘The Return of Fascism in Contemporary Capitalism’, Monthly Review, 1 September 2014; see also Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000).

      24 24. Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), p. 42.

      25 25. Jonathan Olsen, Nature and Nationalism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999).

      26 26. Balša Lubarda, ‘Beyond Ecofascism? Far-Right Ecologism (FRE) as a Framework for Future Inquiries’. Environmental Values 29, no. 6 (2020): 713–32.

      27 27. Ibid.

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