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CHAPTER 16 Vitamins and minerals
Mary Ann Johnson1s and Connie W. Bales2
1 Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
2 Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North, Carolina, USA
Introduction
Essential vitamins and minerals are also known as micronutrients. While required in minute quantities, these nutrients are essential for life. They are uniquely required for essential biological and structural functions in the body, including as hormones, antioxidants, and enzyme cofactors and for one‐carbon metabolism and DNA synthesis. Because they cannot be synthesized in adequate quantities in the human body, they must be consumed from external sources such as foods, fortified or enriched foods, and/or dietary supplements. Vitamins are characterized as water‐soluble (e.g. B vitamins and vitamin C) or fat‐soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K).
The shortfall in calorie and protein intake in many older adults is well recognized and the focus of considerable attention (see Chapters 12–14). Less appreciated is the concomitant risk of multiple micronutrient deficiencies. The same age‐associated changes in food intake that contribute to protein‐calorie inadequacies can also contribute to deficiencies of multiple micronutrients and are related to many different factors. These include age, psychological factors, physiological decrements, chronic disease, and medical factors.1 Inadequate micronutrient intake can lead to suboptimal cellular and physiological functions even before developing a ‘classic’ and symptomatic deficiency syndrome.2
Age‐related causes of suboptimal diet intake
