from Chesapeake Bay (US...Figure 3.16 (a) Generalised stock–recruitment relationships illustrating the...Figure 3.17 Stock and recruitment models for the sciaenid Micropogonias undu...Figure 3.18 Modified Ricker stock–recruitment model for Morone saxatilis, Ch...Figure 3.19 Recruitment time series for Sander lucioperca in the Archipelago...Figure 3.20 Modelled hindcasts of Paralichthys lethostigma recruitments (JAI...Figure 3.21 Relationship between freshwater flow in spring and summer months...Figure 3.22 Recruitment of Sprattus sprattus in the Baltic Sea showing the f...Figure 3.23 Weight‐specific growth coefficient (G), mortality coefficient (M...4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Schematic interpretation of the factors influencing estuarine hab...Figure 4.2 Diagrammatic representation of a few dominant fish species associ...Figure 4.3 Variation in tidal regime and mangrove growth forms in estuaries....Figure 4.4 Patterns of temporal shifts in habitat use for temperate estuarin...Figure 4.5 Monthly changes in habitat‐specific temperature and abundance (ca...Figure 4.6 Tidal height and movement pattern of a representative age‐0 summe...Figure 4.7 Diagrammatic representation of potential occupation of South Afri...Figure 4.8 Diagram summarizing movement of Fundulus heteroclitus (Fundulidae...Figure 4.9 Duration of habitat residency for the juveniles of a variety of e...Figure 4.10 Ecological context modifies the functional value and role of hab...Figure 4.11 Conceptual model for bluefish early life history stages showing ...Figure 4.12 Diagrammatic representation of migrations to overwintering locat...Figure 4.13 Extent of coastal movements for acoustically tagged juvenile and...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Diagram showing the effects of high turbidity on the foraging str...Figure 5.2 Diet of fish larvae (% volume) belonging to two eventual (juvenil...Figure 5.3 Frequency of occurrence of food items in the diet of juvenile and...Figure 5.4 Head region of Gerres methueni with (a) mouthparts retracted and ...Figure 5.5 Diagrammatic representation of the 1980 wet biomass contributions...Figure 5.6 Simplied littoral food web in the Swartvlei estuarine lake littor...Figure 5.7 Fish portion of the diet, based on percentage dry weight, of the ...Figure 5.8 Diagrammatic representation of carbon flows through the Kariega E...Figure 5.9 Mean δ13C signatures (‰) and standard deviations of the fish faun...Figure 5.10 Trends in δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values of selected common fish con...Figure 5.11 Comparison of trophic levels and Functional Feeding Groups (D = ...Figure 5.12 Simplified food chains in the temporarily closed Mhlanga Estuary...Figure 5.13 Simplified trophic structure of the fish assemblage in the estua...Figure 5.14 Simplified trophic structure of the fish assemblage in the estua...Figure 5.15 Simplified trophic structure of the fish assemblage in the Lupar...Figure 5.16 Trophic level analysis of the Bridgewater Bay biota showing trop...Figure 5.17 A simplified conceptual diagram showing hypothesized changes in ...Figure 5.18 Comparison between the growth rate of small juvenile Pseudopleur...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Main types of biomarkers (with examples) when considering biologi...Figure 6.2 Examples of common fish‐based indicators at individual, populatio...Figure 6.3 Main steps in the construction of a multimetric index (grey arrow...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Hierarchical order of ecological processes that operate at (a) gl...Figure 7.2 Variables associated with spatial patterns of species richness in...Figure 7.3 Proposed conceptual model for estuarine biodiversity (species) ch...Figure 7.4 Summary of drivers of functional trait diversity in estuarine fis...Figure 7.5 Potential links between climatic variability and anthropogenic in...Figure 7.6 (a) Oxygen solubility at different salinity and temperature condi...Figure 7.7 Fish kill event due to hypoxia in (a) Nangudga Lake Estuary, Aust...Figure 7.8 Artificial opening of (a) Kianga Lake Estuary (Australia) and (b)...Figure 7.9 Links between potential climate change effects and fisheries catc...Figure 7.10 (a) Fishing boat in San Francisco Bay Estuary (Photo: courtesy o...Figure 7.11 (a) Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha displayed in a market in Pathein...Figure 7.12 Spatial distribution of life stages of Micropogonias furnieri an...Figure 7.13 Flow variability at the mouth of the East and West Kleinemonde e...Figure 7.14 Major climate change‐related variables in (a) freshwater, (b) te...Figure 7.15 Aerial images of the Coorong in (a) 1983, (b) 1988 and (c) 2019 ...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Ecosystem services and societal goods and benefits framework (ada...Figure 8.2 Evaluation of policy options using an ecosystem services approach...Figure 8.3 Impact of stressors from intra‐organism to ecosystem and the resp...Figure 8.4 Conceptual basis of recreation, restoration and compensation (fro...Figure 8.5 Photographs of the Chowder Ness, Humber Estuary, UK, managed real...Figure 8.6 The hierarchical approach to restoration, recreation and habitat ...Figure 8.7 Links between structures processes and ecological functions.Figure 8.8 Translation of the societal demand for ecosystem services into th...Figure 8.9 Broad perspective of estuarine ecosystem functioning showing the ...Figure 8.10 Proposed technical framework for setting restoration objectives....Figure 8.11 Diagrammatic interactions of different compartments in the estua...Figure 8.12 Functioning of a flood control area (FCA). During storm tides, t...Figure 8.13 Functioning of a flood control area (FCA) with controlled reduce...Figure 8.14 Aerial view of the tidal marsh of Mortagne in 1957, prior to the...Figure 8.15 Mortagne polder before the Martin Storm breach the dyke in Decem...Figure 8.16 Mortagne polder in 2001, one year after dyke breaching (photogra...Figure 8.17 Mortagne polder in 2006 when the road was still separating the m...Figure 8.18 Mortagne tidally restored marsh in 2018. The road that was separ...Figure 8.19 Ile Nouvelle before (left) and after (right) dyke breaching (pho...Figure 8.20 Location of the 13 sampling sites in the Gironde Estuary for the...Figure 8.21 Total number of fish and decapod species sampled in the dyked ma...Figure 8.22 Diagram of changes in marsh surface vegetation topography and el...Figure 8.23 Summary of effects of Phragmites invasion/restoration on fish (F...Figure 8.24 Recovery patterns and recovery phases in terms of environmental ...Figure 8.25 The management, land use, research and protection history for th...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Subsistence fishers in South Africa target a host of estuarine‐as...Figure 9.2 Boat‐based (a and b) and shore‐based (c) angling is a popular rec...Figure 9.3 The gillnet fishery for Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) in Bangladesh, o...Figure 9.4 Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) that are caught in the shallow waters of...Figure 9.5 A push net vessel operating in the Larut‐Matang Estuary, West Mal...Figure 9.6 Traditional wooden stake fish traps in the Kosi Estuary, South Af...Figure 9.7 Traditional fish traps extend over much of the lower reaches of t...Figure 9.8 Traditional fishing canoe in the Goiana Estuary in north‐east Bra...Figure 9.9 Long‐term trend in the annual fish yield of four lagoons in the A...Figure 9.10 Annual landings of menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus based on data fr...Figure 9.11 Recreational fishermen in the Mullica River, New Jersey (USA), u...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Examples of environmental degradation in some microtidal estuari...Figure 10.2 Global trends in the state of the world’s marine fish stocks (da...Figure 10.3 Conceptual summary of predicted environmental and ecological imp...Figure 10.4 The IUCN Red List categories, with threatened species
