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at individual change, institutional change, and societal change?
Table 4.1 Examples of Microaggressions
| Themes | Microaggression | Message |
|---|---|---|
| Alien in Own Land When Asian Americans and Latinx Americans are assumed to be foreign‐born | “Where are you from?” “Where were you born?” | You are not American |
| “You speak good English” | You are a foreigner | |
| A person asking an Asian American to teach them words in their native language | ||
| Ascription of Intelligence Assigning intelligence to a Person of Color or a woman based on his or her race/gender | “You are a credit to your race” | People of color are generally not as intelligent as White Americans |
| “Wow! How did you become so good in math?” | It is unusual for a woman to be smart in math | |
| Asking an Asian person to help with a math or science problem | All Asian people are intelligent and good in math/ sciences | |
| “You only got into college because of affirmative action” | You are not smart enough on your own to get into college | |
| Color Blindness Statements that indicate that a White person does not want to acknowledge race | “When I look at you, I don't see color” | Denying a Person of Color's racial/ethnic experiences |
| “America is a melting pot” | Assimilate/acculturate to dominant culture | |
| “There is only one race, the human race” | Denying the individual as a racial/cultural being | |
| Criminality/Assumption of Criminal status Assuming a Person of Color to be dangerous, criminal, or deviant based on their race | A White man or woman clutching their purse or checking their wallet as a Black or Latinx individual approaches or passes | You are a criminal |
| A store owner following a customer of color around the store | You are going to steal/You are poor/You do not belong | |
| A White person waits to ride the next elevator when a Person of Color is on it | You are dangerous | |
| Use of Sexist/Heterosexist Language Terms that exclude or degrade women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) persons | Use of the pronoun “he” to refer to all people | Male experience is universal Female experience is meaningless |
| Although a male‐to‐female transgender employee has consistently referred to herself as “she,” coworkers continue to refer to her as “he” | Our language does not need to change to reflect your identity; your identity is meaningless | |
| Two options for Relationship Status: Married or Single | LGBTQ partnerships do not matter/are meaningless | |
| An assertive woman is labeled a “bitch” | Women should be passive | |
| A heterosexual man who often hangs out with his female friends more than his male friends is labeled a “faggot” | Men who act like women are inferior (women are inferior)/gay men are inferior | |
| Denial of Individual Racism/Sexism/Heterosexism/Religious Discrimination A statement made when bias is denied | “I'm not racist; I have several Black friends” | I am immune to racism because I have friends of color |
| “I am not prejudiced against Muslims; I am just fearful of Muslims who are religious fanatics” | I can separate Islamophobic social conditioning from my feelings about Muslim people in general | |
| “As an employer, I always treat men and women equally” | I am incapable of sexism | |
| Myth of Meritocracy Statements that assert that race or gender does not play a role in life successes | “I believe the most qualified person should get the job” | People of color are given extra unfair benefits because of their race |
| “Men and women have equal opportunities for achievement” | The playing field is even, so if women cannot make it, the problem is with them | |
| Pathologizing Cultural Values/ Communication Styles The notion that the values and communication styles of the dominant/White culture are ideal | Asking a Black person: “Why do you have to be so loud/animated? Just calm down” | Assimilate to the dominant culture |
| To an Asian or Latinx person: “Why are you so quiet? We want to know what you think. Be more verbal. Speak up more” | ||
| Dismissing an individual who brings up race/culture in a work/school setting | Leave your cultural baggage outside | |
| Second‐Class Citizen When a target group member receives differential treatment from the power group | Mistaking a Person of Color for a service worker | People of color are servants to White Americans; they couldn't possibly occupy high‐status positions |
| Mistaking a female doctor for a nurse | Women occupy nurturing roles | |
| Having a taxi cab pass a Person of Color and pick up a White passenger | You are likely to cause trouble and/or travel to a dangerous neighborhood | |
| Ignoring a Person of Color at a store counter and giving attention to the White customer behind them | White Americans are more valued customers than People of Color | |
| Not inviting a lesbian woman out with a group of female friends because they think she will be bored if they talk to men | You don't belong | |
| Traditional Gender Role Prejudicing and Stereotyping When expectations of traditional roles or stereotypes are conveyed | A male professor asking a female student working on a chemistry assignment, “What do you need to work on this for anyway?” | Women are less capable in math and science |
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