The dissemination of Singapore’s electronic road pricing system for taxing vehicular movement through the city provides an illustration of the multiple temporalities of policy learning. Whereas in London, a version of the pricing system was appropriated successfully, in New York, the Mayor’s proposal was defeated by the state legislature (Chua 2011). These arguments illustrate a difference between the speed at which a policy moves and the velocity at which it is implemented. Unlike Kingdon’s “policy window” (1995) which assumes a random confluence of people, choices, problems and solutions that come together at a particular juncture to enable learning (and if that window closes, the opportunity is missed), my findings suggest that ideas are acted upon through multiple temporalities. Policy adoption is an inherently political process and thus the speed at which a policy is adopted is distinct from its measures of long-term efficacy. The achievements of a new transportation system, be it related to its financial viability or impact on the city, may take two decades to become apparent and thus divorced from their assumed likelihood of success at the time of adoption. It seems then that there are a number of different speeds and temporalities through which policy flows.
Chapter 6 considers the multiple temporalities through which circulated policies emerge and remerge before adoption, reasoning that without these multiple attempts, policy adoption is unlikely to occur. The arguments that follow bridge the lacuna between historical and policy mobilities studies, illustrating the gradual, protracted and idiomatic manner through which transnational best practice proceeds, in contrast to the spontaneous and hasty process documented in scholarly literature on policy mobilities. Regardless of the speed through which best practice spreads, policy application remains cumbersome because policy is inherently political, involving people and personalities as well as regulations and restrictions. While it may seem as if circulated policies shorten the gestation time from policy introduction to policy adoption, these repeated attempts ensure that the turnover only appears accelerated.
The remainder of the book considers these issues in further detail.
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