communication among the sensors around the human body is considered in this stage. A personal server acts as a gateway, which is used by communication signals within the human body. Gateway transfers the data to the next stage of architecture.
Stage 2: Medium
This stage enables the data transfer between the personal server and user through an access point, which is considered as a central unit of the network, which can make decisions in case of emergencies.
Figure 1.6 Architecture of WBAN communication.
Stage 3: Beyond WBAN
Smartphones are used to interlink between the access point and medical server, in which patient historical data could be stored. The medical environment database is a very sensitive part of stage 3. Security against this stage is fulfilled to protect the personal history of the patients.
1.4.3 Role of AI in WBAN Architecture
Internal communication among the sensors and measured parameters from the human body are processed using deep learning algorithms. AI-based data processing models analyze massive amounts of data from the sensors and extract useful information from them. Figure 1.7 shows the role of AI in WBAN. The extracted features are used to diagnosis the disease, wherein the proposed model is trained with related data. CNNs are used for feature extraction; based on the inputs, CNN generates the possible, reliable outputs.
Figure 1.7 AI-enabled WBAN architecture.
1.4.4 Medical Applications
WBAN technology improves the efficiency of the activities from patient to doctor, like monitoring the patient’s health regularly and notifications or emergency calling in a flexible way. It offers automatic medical services through remote monitoring of the patient’s vital parameters. All the information is stored from the control unit. It helps the patient to stay at home and get continuous support remotely. In case of any emergency, the sensors implanted in the patient’s body raises the alarm of urgent notification, which will be notified by nearby healthcare provides healthcare services over a distance with the help of communication technology. This can be done by online video consultation with doctors, the transmission of reports and images, and remote medical diagnosis. E-prescription is provided after monitoring the patient’s health conditions. Pulse oximeters are used to measure the amount of oxygen level in the blood bypassing the beam of red and infrared into the human body. Color differentiation is the fundamental concept of oximeters; oxygenated blood is more red, where deoxygenated is purple-blue.
1.4.5 Nonmedical Applications
In non-medical applications, WBAN is used in sports where devices can be wearable. It is effective to monitor the physiological activities of the wearer like heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, and posture of any attitude in sports. Navigation, timer, and distance can also be measured with the help of WBAN sensors.
1.4.6 Challenges
Medical sensors are used to monitor a patient’s body continually and collect information so they should be active all the time; hence energy consumption is high. In body communication, sensors are implanted in vital areas of the body, so if the batteries are consumed fully, the patient has to undergo body surgery to replace a new one. Since the collection of data requires more energy than sending data through wireless time out Mac protocol, which is used in WBAN. Transmission of data is affected by jamming, bit error rate, and link quality. This can be minimized by using Cooperate Network Coding (CNC) since it does not require any retransmission when there is any failure in any of the nodes.
Table 1.4 Role of AI in wireless body area networks.
| Source | Subject matter | Applications | Role of WBAN |
| [21] | Impact of MEMS in WBAN | Personal health monitoring | Wearable WBAN ◦ Assessing soldier fatigue and battle readiness ◦ Aiding professional and amateur sport training Implant WBANCardiovascular diseases ◦ Cancer detection |
| [22–24] | Wireless Healthcare | Health monitoring devicesWearable devices (computer) | Collects multi-physiological information for diagnosing, monitoring the health |
| [25] | Privacy and security in remote health monitoring | TinySecBiometricsBluetooth and Zigbee security servicesWireless security protocols | Link layer encryption and authentication of data in biomedical sensor networksEmploys self-body as a way to manage cryptographic keys for sensorsLogical Link Control and Adaptation (L2CAP) provide improved QoS. |
The major challenge is the security and privacy of the patient’s medical information. Data confidentiality should be maintained to avoid unauthorized access. So, to make sure that the data is sent by appropriate user authentication is necessary. It is also essential to see that received data is not manipulated so that data must be protected for proper medical diagnosis.
The applications and impact of WBAN in healthcare are summarized in Table 1.4.
1.5 AI-Driven IoT Device Communication Technologies and Healthcare Applications
Healthcare providers around the world are a huge source of data, starting from patient history to drug trials. With digitization as a backdrop, many of these records are converted into electronic forms enhancing its utility and enabling vital care decisions. This data has innumerable applications like reviewing the past, understanding the current, and helping predict future trends in the healthcare of patients. AI algorithms, when paired with healthcare data, can drive remarkable insights into intelligent reasoning, quicker analysis of data, provide informed acumen into patient’s healthcare and even extend into decisions on investments in healthcare infrastructure.
1.5.1 AI’s and IoT’s Role in Healthcare
The rise in the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled two things—monitoring and broader reach of patient healthcare. Devices are interconnected while they remotely manage healthcare equipment. They not
