Skelding, A. and Valverde, A. (2017). Intra‐operative hyperthermia in a young Angus bull with a fatal outcome. Canadian Veterinary Journal 58: 614–616.34 34 Brunson, D. and Hogan, K. (2004). Malignant hyperthermia: a syndrome not a disease. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice 34: 1419–1433.
35 35 de Carmo, P., Zapata‐Sudo, G., Trachez, M. et al. (2010). Intravenous administration of azumolene to reverse malignant hyperthermia in swine. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24: 1224–1228.
36 36 Aleman, M., Nieto, J., and Magdesian, K. (2009). Malignant hyperthermia associated with ryanodine receptor 1 (C7360G) mutation in quarter horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23: 329–334.
37 37 Chohan, A. and Greene, S. (2011). Anesthesia case of the month: malignant hyperthermia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 239: 936–940.
38 38 Thomson, S., Burton, C., and Armitage‐Chan, E. (2014). Intra‐operative hyperthermia in a cat with a fatal outcome. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 41: 290–296.
39 39 McGrath, C., Rempel, W., Addis, P., and Crimi, A. (1981). Acepromazine and droperidol inhibition of halothane‐induced malignant hyperthermia (porcine stress syndrome) in swine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 42: 195–198.
40 40 Monin, G., Larzul, C., le Roy, P. et al. (1999). Effects of the halothane genotype and slaughter weight on texture of pork. Journal of Animal Science 77: 408–415.
41 41 Wendt, M., Bickhardt, K., Herzog, A. et al. (2000). Porcine stress syndrome and PsE meat: clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, etiology and animal right aspects. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 113: 173–190.
42 42 Lahucky, R., Baulain, U., Henning, M. et al. (2002). in vitro PNMR studies on biopsy skeletal muscle samples compared with meat quality of normal and heterozygous malignant hyperthermia in pigs. Meat Science 61: 233–241.
43 43 Greene, S. and Thurmon, J. (1988). Xylazine – a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11: 295–313.
44 44 Raptopoulos, D. and Weaver, B. (1984). Observation following intravenous xylazine administration in steers. The Veterinary Record 114: 567–569.
45 45 Trim, C. (1987). Special anesthesia considerations in the ruminant. In: Principles and Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia (ed. C. Short), 285–300. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
46 46 LeBlanc, M., Hubbell, J., and Smith, H. (1984). The effect of xylazine hydrochloride on intrauterine pressure in the cow. Theriogenology 21: 681–690.
47 47 Jansen, C., Lowe, K., and Nathanielsz, P. (1984). The effects of xylazine on uterine activity, fetal and maternal oxygenation, cardiovascular function, and fetal breathing. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 148: 386–390.
48 48 Hodgson, D., Dunlop, C., Chapman, P., and Smith, J. (2002). Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine and acepromazine in pregnant cows in late gestation. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63: 1695–1699.
49 49 Fayed, A., Abdalla, E., Anderson, R. et al. (1989). Effect of xylazine in heifers under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50: 151–153.
50 50 Steffey, E., Baggot, J., Eisele, J. et al. (1994). Morphine‐isoflurane interaction in dogs, swine, and rhesus monkeys. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17: 202–210.
51 51 Moon, P., Scarlett, J., Ludders, J. et al. (1995). Effect of fentanyl on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in swine. Anesthesiology 83: 535–542.
52 52 Ko, J., Thurmon, J., Tranquilli, W. et al. (1993). Problems encountered when anesthetizing potbellied pigs. Veterinary Medicine 88: 435–440.
53 53 Read, M., Duke, T., and Toews, A. (2000). Suspected tolazoline toxicosis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216: 227–229.
54 54 Lin, H. and Riddell, M. (2008). Tolazoline: dose responses and side effects in non‐sedated Holstein calves. The Bovine Practitioner 42: 86–96.
55 55 Anderson, D. (2011). New methods for chemical restraint and field anesthesia in cattle. In: North American Veterinary Community Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, 6–11.
56 56 pigs4ever (2009). http://www.pigs4ever.com/pot_belly_pig‐information; http://wwwpigs4evercom/pot_belly_pig‐information (accessed 21 January 2014).
57 57 Lin, H., Thurmon, J., Benson, G. et al. (1993). Telazol – a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16: 383–418.
58 58 Lin, H., Thurmon, J., Benson, G. et al. (1989). The hemodynamic response of calves to tiletamine‐zolazepam anesthesia. Veterinary Surgery 18: 328–334.
59 59 Kumar, A., Mann, H., and Remmel, R. (2006). Pharmacokinetics of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol) in anesthetized pigs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 29: 587–589.
60 60 Swindle, M. (1998). Anesthesia and analgesia. In: Surgery, Anesthesia, and Experimental Techniques in Swine (ed. M. Swindle), 33–63. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
61 61 Snyder, J. and Wolff, P. (2009). Small ruminant tips for small animal practitioners. In: North American Veterinary Community Conference, 331–337.
62 62 Fowler, M. (1983). The jugular vein (Lama peruana): a clinical note. Journal of Zoo and Animal Medicine 14: 77–78.
63 63 Fowler, M. (1984). Anatomy information. In: Camelid Medicine Workshop, Santa Crue, CA, USA, 5–16.
64 64 Amsel, S., Kainer, R., and Johnson, L. (1987). Choosing the best site to perform venipuncture in a llama. Veterinary Medicine 82: 535–536.
65 65 Riebold, T., Kaneps, A., and Schmotzer, W. (1989). Anesthesia in the llama. Veterinary Surgery 18: 400–404.
66 66 Pugh, D., Navarre, C., Ruffin, D., and Belknap, E. (1999). A review of diagnostic procedures in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Medicine 94: 654–659.
67 67 Heath, R. (1989). Llama anesthetic programs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 5: 71–80.
68 68 Wilbers, A. (2009). Routine veterinary care of pot‐bellied pigs. In: North American Veterinary Community Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, 410–412.
2 Commonly Used Preanesthetics
HuiChu Lin
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, USA
Preanesthetic tranquilization or sedation is rarely necessary in ruminants, but on occasion its use may be required to calm intractable animals for the safety of the animals and also for the safety of the personnel handling the animals. The choice of whether a tranquilizer/sedative is needed for a particular animal is based on that animal's temperament and physical condition. However, a complete physical examination prior to anesthesia in large ruminants often is not feasible
