Caron, J. and LeBlanc, P. (1989). Caudal epidural analgesia in cattle using xylazine. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 486–489.47 47 StJean, G., Skarda, R., Muir, W., and Hoffsis, G. (1990). Caudal epidural analgesia induced by xylazine administration in cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 1232–1236.
48 48 Angst, M., Ramaswamy, B., Riley, E., and Stanski, D. (2000). Lumbar epidural morphine in humans and supraspinal analgesia to experimental heat pain. Anesthesiology 92: 312–324.
49 49 Valverde, A., Conlon, P., Dyson, D., and Burger, J. (1992). Cisternal CSF and serum concentrations of morphine following epidural administration in the dog. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 15: 91–95.
50 50 Skarda, R., StJean, G., and Muir, W. (1990). Influence of tolazoline on caudal epidural administration of xylazine in cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 556–560.
51 51 Bouchenafa, O. and Livingston, A. (1987). Autoradiographic localisation of alpha 2 adrenoreceptor binding sites in the spinal cord of the sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 42: 382–386.
52 52 Lawhead, R., Blaxall, H., and Bylund, D. (1992). Α2A is the predominant α‐2 adrenergic receptor subtype in human spinal cord. Anesthesiology 77: 983–991.
53 53 Natalini, C. (1991). Detomidine sedative and analgesic effects in bovine. In: International Congress Veterinary Anaesthesia, Utrecht, Netherlands, 375–376.
54 54 Greene, S. (2003). Protocols for anesthesia of cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 19: 679–693.
55 55 Hendrickson, D. (2007). Anesthesia and fluid therapy. In: Techniques in Large Animal Surgery, 3e (ed. D. Hendrickson), 7–32. Ames: Wiley Blackwell.
56 56 Pyrörälä, E., Koppinen, J., Vainio, O., and Alanko, M. (1986). Detomidine to pregnant cows. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 38: 237–240.
57 57 Jedruch, J. and Gajewski, Z. (1986). The effect of detomidine hydrochloride (Domosedan) on the electrical activity of the uterus in cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 82: 189–192.
58 58 de Silva, D. (1991). Sedative analgesic effects of detomidine HCL (Domosedan) in Lanka buffaloes. In: International Congress Veterinary Anaesthesia, Utrecht, Netherlands, 211–213.
59 59 Krogh, K. (2000). Immobilisation of wild heifers with detomidine and detomidine combinations. In: International Congress Veterinary Anaesthesia, Berne, Switzerland, 105.
60 60 Prado, M., Streeter, R., Mandsager, R. et al. (1999). Pharmacologic effects of epidural versus intramuscular administration of detomidine in cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 60: 1242–1247.
61 61 Skarda, R. and Muir, W. (1996). Comparison of antinociceptive, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects, head ptosis, and position of pelvic limbs in mares after caudal epidural administration of xylazine and detomidine hydrochloride solution. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57: 1338–1345.
62 62 Kaukinen, H., Aspergén, J., Hyyppä, S. et al. (2011). Bioavailability of detomidine administered sublingually to horses as an oromucosal gel. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34: 76–81.
63 63 Dimaio‐Knych, H. and Stanley, S. (2011). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of detomidine following sublingual administration to horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 72: 1378–1385.
64 64 Gardner, R., White, G., Ramsey, D. et al. (2010). Efficacy of sublingual administration of detomidine gel for sedation of horses undergoing veterinary and husbancy procedures under field conditions. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 237: 1459–1464.
65 65 I'ami, J., Vermunt, L., vanLoon, J. et al. (2012). Sublingual administration of detomidine in horses: sedative effect, analgesia and detection time. Veterinary Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.106/j.tvjl.2012.08.016 (accessed 21 January 2014).
66 66 Hokkanen, A., Raekallio, M., Salla, K. et al. (2014). Sublingual administration of detomidine to calves prior to disbudding: a comparison with the intravenous route. Veterinary Anaesthesia & Analgesia 41: 372–377.
67 67 Salonen, J., Vähä‐Vahe, T., Vainio, O., and Vakkuri, O. (1989). Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of detomidine in the horse and cow. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12: 65–72.
68 68 Sharma, S., Nigam, J., Kumar, A. et al. (1994). Preliminary studies on the use of medetomidine in calves and its reversal by atipamezole. In: International Congress Veterinary Anaesthesia, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 121.
69 69 Arnemo, J. and Søli, N. (1993). Chemical capture of free‐ranging cattle: immobilization with xylazine or medetomidine, and reversal with atipamezole. Veterinary Research Communications 17: 469–477.
70 70 Arnemo, J. and Søli, N. (1995). Immobilization of free‐ranging cattle with medetomidine and its reversal by atipamezole. Veterinary Research Communications 19: 59–62.
71 71 Lin, H., Trachte, E., DeGraves, F. et al. (1998). Evaluation of analgesia induced by epidural administration of medetomidine to cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59: 162–167.
72 72 Massone, F., Luna, S., Castro, G. et al. (1993). Sedation with romifidine or xylazine in cattle, is it the same? Journal of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists 20: 55.
73 73 Fierheller, E., Caulkett, N., and Bailey, J. (2004). A romifidine and morphine combination for epidural analgesia of the flank in cattle. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 45: 917–923.
74 74 Rosenberger, G., Hempel, E., and Baumeister, M. (1968). Contributions to the effect and use of Rompun in cattle. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift 75: 572–578.
75 75 Hsu, W., Schaffer, D., and Hanson, C. (1987). Effects of tolazoline and yohimbine on xylazine‐induced central nervous system depression, bradycardia, and tachypnea in sheep. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 190: 423–426.
76 76 Hsu, W., Hanson, C., Hembrough, F., and Schaffer, D. (1989). Effects of idazoxan, tolazoline, and yohimbine on xylazine‐induced respiratory changes and central nervous system depression in ewes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50: 1570–1573.
77 77 Lin, H., Thurmon, J., Benson, G. et al. (1989). The hemodynamic response of calves to tiletamine‐zolazepam anesthesia. Veterinary Surgeons 18: 328–334.
78 78 Lin, H., Tyler, J., Welles, E. et al. (1993). Effects of anesthesia induced and maintained by continuous intravenous administration of guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine in spontaneously breathing sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research 54: 1913–1916.
79 79 Mitchell, B. and Williams, J. (1976–1977). Respiratory function changes in sheep associated with lying in lateral recumbency and with sedation by xylazine. Great Britain and Ireland Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists 6: 30–36.
80 80 Doherty, T., Ballinger, J., McDonnell, W. et al. (1987). Antagonism of xylazine‐induced sedation by idazoxan in calves. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 244–248.
81 81 Waterman, A., Nolan, A., and Livingston, A. (1987). Influence of idazoxan on the respiratory blood gas changes induced by alpha 2‐adrenoceptor agonist drugs in conscious sheep. The Veterinary Record 121: 105–107.
82 82 Celly, C., McDonnell, W., Young, S.,
