Institute of Physics of the 2 Infinities Joint Research Unit (UMR 5822) CNRS/IN2P3, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
Roberto Moretti University of Paris Institute of Earth Physics of Paris (IPGP), CNRS Paris, France; and Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Guadeloupe Institute of Earth Physics of Paris (IPGP), CNRS Gourbeyre, France
Nicola Mori Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Florence Florence, Italy; and National Institute for Nuclear Physics Florence, Italy
Kunihiro Morishima Fundamental Particle Physics Laboratory Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
Shogo Nagahara Earthquake Research Institute The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan;andGraduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobe, Japan
Florence Nicollin Géosciences Rennes Joint Research Unit (UMR 6118) CNRS and University of Rennes Rennes, France
Akira Nishio Fundamental Particle Physics Laboratory Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
Ryuichi Nishiyama Earthquake Research Institute The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory for High‐Energy Physics Albert Einstein Centre for Fundamental Physics University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
Pasquale Noli National Institute for Nuclear Physics Naples, Italy
László Oláh Earthquake Research Institute, and International Muography Research Organization (MUOGRAPHIX) The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan; and International Virtual Muography Institute, Global
Massimo Orazi Vesuvius Observatory National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology Naples, Italy
Giuseppe Passeggio National Institute for Nuclear Physics Naples, Italy
Sylvain Pasquet University of Paris Institute of Earth Physics of Paris (IPGP), CNRS Paris, France
Rosario Peluso Vesuvius Observatory National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology Naples, Italy
Ciro Pistillo Laboratory for High‐Energy Physics Albert Einstein Centre for Fundamental Physics University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
Anna Pla‐Dalmau Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia, Illinois, USA
Sébastien Procureur Department of Particle Physics Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe CEA Paris‐Saclay Gif sur Yvette, France
Santo Reito National Institute for Nuclear Physics Catania, Italy
Francesco Riggi Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania Catania Italy; and National Institute for Nuclear Physics Catania, Italy
Giuseppe Romeo Catania Astrophysical Observatory National Institute for Astrophysics Catania, Italy
Marina Rosas‐Carbajal University of Paris Institute of Earth Physics of Paris (IPGP), CNRS Paris, France
Giulio Saracino “Ettore Pancini” Physics Department University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy; and National Institute for Nuclear Physics Naples, Italy
Paola Scampoli Laboratory for High‐Energy Physics Albert Einstein Centre for Fundamental Physics University of Bern Bern, Switzerland; and “Ettore Pancini” Physics Department University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
Giovanni Scarpato Vesuvius Observatory National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology Naples, Italy
Fritz Schlunegger Institute of Geological Sciences University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
Douglas Schouten Ideon Technologies, Inc. Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
Leïla Serene HSM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD Montpellier, France
Paolo Strolin “Ettore Pancini” Physics Department University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy; and National Institute for Nuclear Physics Naples, Italy
Gergely Surányi MTA‐ELTE Geological, Geophysical and Space Science Research Group Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary
Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka Earthquake Research Institute, and International Muography Research Organization (MUOGRAPHIX) The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan; and International Virtual Muography Institute, Global
Valeri Tioukov National Institute for Nuclear Physics Naples, Italy;and Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
Lee F. Thompson Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK; and International Virtual Muography Institute, Global
Michael Tytgat Department of Physics and Astronomy Ghent University Ghent, Belgium; and International Virtual Muography Institute, Global
Jacobus van Nieuwkoop Ideon Technologies, Inc. Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
Dezső Varga High Energy Physics Department Wigner Research Centre for Physics Budapest, Hungary; and International Virtual Muography Institute, Global
Enrico Vertechi Vesuvius Observatory National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology Naples, Italy
Lorenzo Viliani Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Florence Florence, Italy; and National Institute for Nuclear Physics Florence, Italy
Mykhailo Vladymyrov Laboratory for High‐Energy Physics Albert Einstein Centre for Fundamental Physics University of Bern Bern, Switzerland; and Theodor Kocher Institute University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
David Woodward Department of Physics Pennsylvania State University State College, Pennsylvania, USA
Zongxian Zhang Oulu Mining School University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
Preface
Being able to visualize Earth's subsurface at a resolution of a few meters has various uses, such as monitoring material movements in geological structures and hydrologic systems, as well as improving our understanding of geophysical phenomena. Muography is a passive and non‐destructive remote sensing technique that has the potential to achieve sufficient spatial resolutions for observing regions of the Earth that are nearly or totally inaccessible. This imaging technique utilizes muons, which originate from naturally occurring radiation created by the interactions of primary cosmic rays with atmospheric nuclei. These highly penetrating, elementary charged particles allow the visualization of the internal structure of human‐made objects and solid geological structures similar to X‐ray radiography in human bodies.
The principle of muography was demonstrated as long ago as the 1950s, but it is only in the past decade that muographic observation instruments have been adapted to operate in
