4 Bell 1995a, 1995b.5 5 See Pattillo 2005, 2013.
6 6 Freeman 1995.
7 7 Freeman 1995: 30.
8 8 A similar case at a similar time can be seen in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez in 1973.
9 9 Quoted in Freeman 1995: 42. The anti-discrimination law being invoked refers to the case of X where it was shown that in the case of Y discrimination could be proved even if the inequality was not intended.
10 10 Freeman 1995: 43.
11 11 Greene 1995.
12 12 Wise 1998.
13 13 Prewitt 2013.
14 14 Wimmer 2015.
15 15 Quoted in Crenshaw 1989: 142.
16 16 This concept is thus similar to the Du Boisian (2007b[1903]) notion of Black American ‘second sight’, whereby, by virtue of their being dominated, Black Americans were said to be able to better understand society’s workings than the racially dominant, who internalize an ignorance.
17 17 Which featured Ladson-Billings’ (1999) popular paper ‘Just what is critical race theory, and what’s it doing in a nice field like education?’
18 18 Featuring one of Ladson-Billings’ most widely cited papers, ‘Toward a critical race theory of education’ (Ladson-Billings and Tate 1995).
19 19 Crenshaw 2011; see also Carbado 2011.
20 20 For instance, Abdel-Malek 1981; Gane 1983; Giddens 1987; Kellner 1990; Law 2014; Turner 2009.
21 21 See Golash-Boza 2016 for an extended discussion of this supposed ‘crisis’ of race theory.
22 22 Collins 1998: xiii.
23 23 P. H. Collins 2019: 92.
24 24 See Bonilla-Silva 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2015, 2016, 2020.
25 25 These concepts are defined briefly here because each is the subject of one of the following chapters.
26 26 Bonilla-Silva 2015: 75.
27 27 Du Bois 2014[1935].
28 28 Bonilla-Silva 2017: 15.
29 29 Meghji and Saini 2018: 673.
30 30 Bonilla-Silva 2012: 174.
31 31 Ibid.
32 32 Bonilla-Silva et al. 2006: 231.
33 33 Bonilla-Silva 2019a: 3.
34 34 Ibid.
35 35 Lamont et al. 2016, 2017.
36 36 Indeed, through this lens, the sites that the first two waves of CRT scholarship target – court houses, universities, schools, housing and so on – can all be seen as racialized organizations: that is, part of an overall racialized social system.
37 37 For instance, Luna 1998; Solórzano and Yosso 2001.
38 38 See Harpalani 2013.
39 39 For instance, Brayboy 2005.
40 40 Quoted in Möschel 2011: 1651.
41 41 For a review of BritCrit, see Meghji 2021.
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