About the Editors
7 Preface
9 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction1.2 This Book
10 2 Historical Background2.1 History of Mass Disasters2.2 Early History of Mass Disaster Response2.2.1 The Portsmouth Christmas Fires and 1803 Portsmouth Federal Disaster Relief2.2.2 The 1835 Great Fire of New York City2.2.3 1865 Sultana Explosion2.2.4 The 1871 Fires2.2.5 American Red Cross (ARC)2.2.6 1889 Johnstown Flood2.2.7 1899 San Ciriaco Hurricane2.2.8 1900 Galveston Storm2.2.9 1906 San Francisco Earthquake2.2.10 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire2.2.11 1912 Sinking of Titanic2.2.12 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic2.2.13 1921–22 Russian (Povolzhye) Famine2.2.14 1927 Mississippi River Flood2.3 1930s and 1940s Federal Disaster Relief Legislation2.3.1 World War II Civilian Preparedness and Emergency Assets2.3.2 Post WWII Federal Disaster Relief Legislation2.3.3 Civil Defense Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-920)2.3.4 Federal Disaster Relief Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-875)2.4 1950s Federal Disaster Relief2.5 1960s Beginnings2.5.1 1960 Hurricane Donna2.5.2 1961 Hurricane Carla2.5.3 1962 Ash Wednesday Storm2.5.4 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake2.5.5 1960s Federal Activism in the Wake of the Alaskan Earthquake2.5.6 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak2.5.7 1965 Hurricane Betsy2.5.8 Disaster Relief Act of 19662.5.9 1968 National Flood Insurance2.5.10 1969 Hurricane Camille2.6 Disaster Relief Acts of 1969 and 19702.6.1 1971 San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake2.6.2 1972 Hurricane Agnes2.6.3 1974 Super Outbreak2.6.4 Disaster Relief Act Amendments of 19742.7 National Emergencies Act of 19762.8 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) of 19772.9 1979 Executive Orders 12127 & 12148 – Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)2.9.1 1979 Three Mile Island (TMI) Nuclear Accident2.9.2 1980 Mount St. Helens Volcanic Eruption2.10 Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 (The Stafford Act)2.10.1 FEMA under President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)2.10.2 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill2.10.3 1989 Hurricane Hugo2.10.4 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake2.11 1992 Federal Response Plan (FRP)2.11.1 1992 Hurricane Andrew2.11.2 1992 Hurricane Iniki2.12 FEMA under President William J. Clinton (1993–2001)2.12.1 1993 Midwest Floods2.12.2 1994 Northridge Earthquake2.12.3 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing2.13 1996 EMAC2.14 FEMA under President George W. Bush (2001–2009)2.14.1 2001 Al Qaeda 9/11 Terrorist Attacks2.15 Department of Homeland Security (DHS)2.15.1 2005 Hurricane Katrina2.16 Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA)2.17 2008 National Response Framework (NRF)2.18 2011 National Disaster Recovery Framework2.18.1 2012 Hurricane Sandy2.18.2 Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 (SRIA)2.18.3 2017 Hurricane Harvey2.18.4 2017 Hurricane Maria2.19 The Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (DRRA)2.20 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic2.21 Summary of Federal Disaster Response2.22 History of Disaster Victim Identification2.22.1 Scientific Methods of Identification2.22.2 Military Identification Efforts2.22.3 FBI DVI Squad2.22.4 INTERPOL2.22.5 Other International Guidance2.22.6 Disaster Mortuary Operations Response Team (DMORT)2.22.7 National Association of Medical Examiners2.22.8 Federal Direction2.22.9 US Standards Setting Efforts2.23 ConclusionReferences
11 3 Quality Assurance in Disaster Victim Identification: The Case for Standards3.1 Introduction3.2 The Need for Standards in MDI3.3 The Need for Standards in DVI3.4 History of Standards Development in DVI3.5 Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC)3.6 Discussion3.7 Adoption of Standards3.8 ConclusionReferences
12 4 Medical Examiners, Coroners, and Public and Private Agencies4.1 Introduction4.2 The Medical Examiner/Coroner System4.3 The US Federal Government and Mass Disasters4.4 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team4.5 Transportation Disaster Response4.6 State Reponses to Mass Fatalities4.7 The Private Sector4.8 SummaryReferences
13 5 DVI Morgue Operations5.1 Introduction5.2 DVI Morgue Considerations5.2.1 Morgue Site Selection5.2.2 Incident Command System5.3 Workflow in the DVI Morgue5.4 DVI Morgue Stations5.4.1 Non-forensic Stations5.4.2 Forensic Stations5.5 Information Resource Center5.6 Identification and Reconciliation5.7 SummaryReferences
14 6 Forensic Odontology and Disaster Victim Identification6.1 Introduction6.2 Methods of Identification of an Individual6.2.1 Non-Dental Methods of Identification6.2.2 Dental Identification6.3 Theoretical Basis for Comparative Dental Analysis6.3.1 Basic Theory6.3.2 The 32 Teeth Concept6.3.3 Logical Direction of Change6.3.4 Comparison Discrepancies6.3.5 Concordant Features6.4 The Antemortem Dental Record6.4.1 Tooth Numbering Systems6.5 Laws Governing the Transfer of Protected Dental Information6.5.1 Electronic Dental Record6.5.2 Issues Concerning Dental Data6.6 The Postmortem Dental Record6.7 The Dental Autopsy6.7.1 Visible Light Fluorescence6.7.2 Craniofacial Dissection6.7.3 Antemortem Radiographs6.7.4 Postmortem Radiographs6.7.5 Types of Imaging Devices6.7.5.1 Film6.7.5.2 Phosphorus Storage Plates (PSP)6.7.6 Digital Sensors6.7.7 Radiographic Sources6.7.8 Types of Dental Radiographs6.7.8.1 Intraoral Radiographs6.7.8.2 Extraoral Radiographs6.7.9 Radiographic Guidelines6.8 Intraoral and Extraoral Photographs6.8.1 Postmortem Photographs6.9 Study Casts6.10 Denture Labeling6.11 Dental Age Assessment6.12 Characterization of Dental Materials6.13 Reconciliation6.13.1 Source Conclusions6.13.2 Serial Unmasking6.13.3 Criteria for Comparison and Reconciliation6.13.4 Reporting6.13.5 Terminology6.14 Assembling the Forensic Odontology Team6.14.1 Leadership Team6.14.2 Administration Team6.14.3 Site Assessment Team6.14.4 Antemortem Team6.14.5 Postmortem Team6.14.6 Coding Team6.14.7 Information Technology Team6.14.8 Photographic Team6.14.9 Reconciliation (Comparison) Team6.14.10 Identification Review Board (IRB)6.15 Computer-Assisted Dental Identification6.15.1 Computer Assisted Post-Mortem Identification (CAPMI)6.15.2 WinID36.15.3 UVIS/UDIM6.15.4 DVI System International6.15.5 OdontoSearch6.16 Ethical Considerations6.17 Demobilization and After-Action Reports6.17.1 Demobilization6.17.2 Preservation of Dental Data6.17.2.1 Preservation of Antemortem Dental Data6.17.2.2 Preservation of Postmortem Dental Data6.17.3 Post-Action Follow-Up6.17.4 Planning and Training6.18 ConclusionReferences
15 7 Fingerprints and DVI7.1 Introduction7.2 Role of Fingerprints in DVI7.3 The DVI Process and Fingerprints7.4 Postmortem Fingerprinting Station7.5 Personnel and Postmortem Fingerprinting7.6 Postmortem Fingerprinting Process7.6.1 Inspection and Cleansing7.6.2 Rehydration7.6.2.1 Macerated Remains7.6.2.1.1 Tissue Injection7.6.2.1.2 Degloving7.6.2.1.3 Boiling Method7.6.2.2 Thermal Modification (Charred/burned Skin)7.6.2.2.1 Tendon Release7.6.2.2.2 Break and Twist Method7.6.2.3 Desiccation (Mummification)7.6.2.3.1 Sodium Hydroxide Reconditioning7.6.2.3.2 Ammonium Hydroxide Reconditioning7.6.2.3.3 Detergent Soaking Reconditioning7.6.3 Collecting PM Prints7.6.3.1 Digital Capture7.6.3.2 Powder and Adhesive Lifters7.6.3.3 Ink and Paper7.6.3.4 Casting7.6.3.5 Photography7.7 Searching/AM Records7.7.1 Database Searches7.7.2 AM Purported Knowns7.7.3 Palm Prints and Footprints7.8 ConclusionReferences
16 8 DNA Technology and the Future of Disaster Victim Identification8.1 Introduction8.2 STRs and Mini-STRs8.3 Lineage Markers8.4 Next Generation Sequencing8.5 Rapid DNA8.6 ConclusionReferences
17 9 The Victim Information Center and Data Collection: Its Evolving Role in DVI9.1 Introduction9.1.1 History of the Family Assistance Center9.2 Overall Function of the Victim Information Center9.2.1 Incident Operations9.2.2 Meeting the Needs of Families and Survivors9.2.3 Briefings and Communication9.3 Components of the Victim Information Center9.3.1 Temporary Reception Center9.3.2 Call Centers9.3.2.1 Missing Persons Call Center9.3.2.2 Air Carrier Call Center9.4 Accounting for
