style="font-size:15px;"> 27 27 Aarushi Jain, ‘Trash Trade Wars: Southeast Asia’s Problem with the World’s Waste’, Council on Foreign Relations 100, 8 May 2020, at https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/trash-trade-wars-southeast-asias-problem-worlds-waste; Yen Nee Lee, ‘Malaysia, Following in China’s Footsteps, Bans Plastic Waste Imports’, CNBC, 25 January 2019, at https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/climate-change-malaysia-following-china-bans-plastic-waste-imports.html.28 28 The concept of ‘waste colonialism’ will be discussed in further detail in the next chapter. See also David Naguib Pellow, Resisting Global Toxics: Transnational Movements for Environmental Justice (MIT Press, 2007); Max Liboiron, ‘Waste Colonialism’, Discard Studies, 1 November 2018, at https://discardstudies.com/2018/11/01/waste-colonialism/.
29 29 Lucy Siegle, Turning the Tide on Plastic: How Humanity (And You) Can Make Our Globe Clean Again (Orion Publishing, 2018); Will McCallum, How to Give Up Plastic: A Guide to Changing the World, One Plastic Bottle at a Time (Penguin, 2018); Martin Dorey, No. More. Plastic.: What You Can Do to Make a Difference – the #2minutesolution (Penguin, 2018); The F Team, F**k Plastic: 101 Ways to Free Yourself from Plastic and Save the World (Seven Dials, 2018).
30 30 Alice Delemare Tangpuori, George Harding-Rolls, Nusa Urbancic, and Ximena Purita Banegas Zallio, Talking Trash: The Corporate Playbook of False Solutions to the Plastics Crisis (Changing Markets Foundation, 2021); Greenpeace, Throwing Away the Future: How Companies Still Have It Wrong on Plastic Pollution ‘Solutions’, 30 September 2019, at https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/how-companies-still-have-it-wrong-on-plastic-pollution-solutions; Break Free From Plastic, ‘Missing the Mark: Unveiling Corporate False Solutions to the Plastic Pollution Crisis’, 21 June 2021, at https://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/missing-the-mark-unveiling-corporate-false-solutions-to-the-plastic-crisis/.
31 31 Author’s field notes, petrochemical markets workshop, London, 25–7 September 2018.
32 32 Jeffrey Meikle, American Plastic (Rutgers University Press, 1995), p. 3.
33 33 Lloyd Stouffer, ‘Plastics Packaging: Today and Tomorrow’, Report presented to the National Plastics Conference, The Society of the Plastics Industry, 1963.
34 34 Roland Barthes, Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (Hill and Wang, 1972), p. 111.
35 35 The plastics executive is quoted in Susan Freinkel, Plastic: A Toxic Love Story (Dreamscape Media, 2011), p. 6.
36 36 Plastics Europe, Plastics – the Facts 2020: An Analysis of European Plastics Production, Demand and Waste Data, accessed online on 27 April 2021 but no longer available.
37 37 See Freinkel, Plastic; Siegle, Turning the Tide on Plastic.
38 38 Rebecca Altman, ‘The Myth of Historical Bio-based Plastics’, Science, 373 (2021): 47–9 (p. 48).
39 39 Altman, ‘The Myth of Historical Bio-based Plastics’; see also John Tully, The Devil’s Milk: A Social History of Rubber (NYU Press, 2011).
40 40 Paul David Blanc, Fake Silk: The Lethal History of Viscose Rayon (Yale University Press, 2016), p. ix.
41 41 Author’s field notes, petrochemical markets workshop, London, 25–7 September 2018.
42 42 Alfred D. Chandler, Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries (Harvard University Press, 2005); Michael Reubold, Sean Milmo, and Martin Todd, Petrochemicals and EPCA: A Passionate Journey (European Petrochemical Association, 2016).
43 43 For the role of the Second World War in shaping the petrochemical and plastics industry, see Chandler, Shaping the Industrial Century; Freinkel, Plastic; and Gerald E. Markowitz and David Rosner, Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution (University of California Press, 2002).
44 44 Rebecca Altman, ‘Time-Bombing the Future’, Aeon, 2 January 2019, at https://aeon.co/essays/how-20th-century-synthetics-altered-the-very-fabric-of-us-all; see also Freinkel, Plastic, p. 25.
45 45 Markowitz and Rosner, Deceit and Denial, p. 140.
46 46 Florian Jessberger, ‘On the Origins of Individual Criminal Responsibility under International Law for Business Activity: IG Farben on Trial’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 8 (2010): 783–802. See also Werner Abelshauser, Wolfgang von Hippel, Jeffrey Allan Johnson, and Raymond G. Stokes, German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Diarmuid Jeffreys, Hell’s Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler’s War Machine (Macmillan, 2008).
47 47 Jeffreys, Hell’s Cartel, p. 232.
48 48 Jessberger, ‘On the Origins of Individual Criminal Responsibility’.
49 49 Hubert Buch-Hansen and Lasse Folke Henriksen, ‘Toxic Ties: Corporate Networks of Market Control in the European Chemical Industry, 1960–2000’, Social Networks, 58 (2019): 24–36; see also Chandler, Shaping the Industrial Century.
50 50 Plastics Europe Deutschland e.V. and Fachgruppe Makromolekulare Chemie in der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V. (GDCh), ‘100 Years of Plastic: Unlimited Possibilities for the Future’, at http://www.100yearsofplastics.com.
51 51 Plastics Europe Deutschland e.V. and Fachgruppe Makromolekulare Chemie in der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V. (GDCh), ‘Plastics During the Pandemic’, at https://www.100jahrekunststoffe.de/en/2020/12/plastics-during-the-pandemic.
52 52 Samantha Maldonado and Marie J. French, ‘Plastics Industry Goes After Bag Bans During Pandemic’, Politico, 24 April 2020, at https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2020/03/24/plastics-industry-goes-after-bag-bans-during-pandemic-1268843. See the discussion in chapter 5.
53 53 Michelle Meagher, Competition Is Killing Us: How Big Business Is Harming Our Society and Planet – and What to Do About It (Penguin 2020), p. 111.
54 54 Meagher, Competition Is Killing Us, p. 95.
55 55 Business Roundtable, ‘Business Roundtable Redefines the Purpose of a Corporation to Promote “an Economy That Serves All Americans”’, 19 August 2019, at https://www.businessroundtable.org/business-roundtable-redefines-the-purpose-of-a-corporation-to-promote-an-economy-that-serves-all-americans.
56 56 Joel Bakan,
