Systems
Theory, Methodology, and Applications
Pedro H. J. Nardelli
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Preface
This book has been written as an introductory text to cyber‐physical systems conceptualized as a scientific object in itself. The decision to move in this direction was based on my subjective experience of the objective reality of engineering education and academic research, very often overspecialized and too modular. I tried to go beyond such a reductionist view by making evident the complex articulations that constitute cyber‐physical systems as such, as well as the necessary relations to the external world in which they are – or will be – deployed, being them physical or social. My advise to anyone who wants to learn or teach from this book is (i) to follow the chapters in the order they are presented, (ii) do the proposed exercises, and (iii) keep the mind open to understand the articulation of concepts that define the presented theory. Only in this way, the reader or educator can fully enjoy the strength of the theory as the basis of a methodological framework for practical interventions.
The history of the manuscript is the following. The very first, preliminary version of the manuscript‐to‐be was presented as tutorial notes in the 2017 International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems in Bologna (Italy). Then, this tutorial text was extended to become the lecture notes of a completely new course I had the freedom to develop at LUT as soon as I moved from the University of Oulu to LUT in 2018; the course is called Introduction of IoT‐based Systems. In 2020, I decided to convert those notes into a real book, which Wiley kindly accepted to publish.
I would like to acknowledge all the colleagues with whom I have discussed topics related to this book that in some way or another have helped to shape it, specially the friends at LUT University (Finland), the University of Oulu (Finland), and the University of Campinas (Brazil). Among those persons some deserve special praise, namely (i) Dr. Hanna Niemelä – an associate professor at LUT – for proofreading the whole manuscript and also giving suggestions, (ii) Arthur Sena, M.Sc. – a doctoral student at LUT – for drawing so many figures and helping me in some technical parts of the book, (iii) Dr. Alysson Mascaro – professor of philosophy of law at the University of São Paulo, Brazil – for guiding my studies in critical Marxist philosophy, in particular Althusser, and (iv) Dr. Harun Siljak – assistant professor of embedded systems, optimization and control in Trinity College Dublin, Ireland – for sharing so many ideas about cyber‐physical systems, cybernetics, and information theory (mostly in a revolutionary way). I would also like to thank Dr. Florian Kühnlenz, who at some point in 2014 talked with me about one of my schematic handmade drafts that were randomly placed on my messy table and a few days later presented to me quite an interesting simulation where he implemented those ideas. This was the beginning of his doctoral research at the University of Oulu, which ended up motivating me to dig into the conceptualization of cyber‐physical systems that is now presented here.
The research work systematized in this book has been partly supported by (i) the Academy of Finland through the research fellowship project Building the Energy Internet as a large‐scale IoT‐based cyber‐physical system that manages the energy inventory of distribution grids as discretized packets via machine‐type communications (EnergyNet; grant no. 321265/no. 328869), through the consortium Framework for the identification of rare events via machine learning and IoT networks (FIREMAN; grant no. 326270 under CHIST‐ERA‐17‐BDSI‐003), and the project Energy efficient IoT deployment for systems of the future (ee‐IoT; grant no. 319009), (ii) the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation (Finland) through the project Swarming technology for reliable and energy‐aware aerial missions (STREAM), and (iii) through the LUT research platform Modeling reality through simulation (MORE SIM).
I dedicate this book to my mom Regina, my dad Eliseu, my grandma Celina, my wife Carolina, and my daughter Amanda.
November 12, 2021 Pedro H. J. Nardelli
Lappeenranta
1 Introduction
What is a cyber‐physical system? Why should I study it? What are its relations to cybernetics, information theory, embedded systems, industrial automation, computer sciences, and even physics? Will cyber‐physical systems (CPSs) be the seed of revolutions in industrial production and/or social relations? Is this book about theory or practice? Is it about mathematics, applied sciences, technology, or even philosophy? These are the questions the reader is probably thinking about right now. Definitive answers to them are indeed hard to give at this point. During the reading of this book, though, I expect that these questions will be systematically answered. Hence, new problems and solutions can then be formulated, allowing
