Industry 4.0 Vision for the Supply of Energy and Materials. Группа авторов

      1 ¹ General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet switching technology that enhances GSM cellular communication network to transmit mobile data [224]. GPRS is a 2.5G mobile cellular technology and offers data rates up to 172 Kbps.

      2 ² Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) is a 3G mobile cellular system developed within 3GPP and is exploited as a GSM network to offer packet-based data transmission at data rates up to 2 Mbps [225].

      3 ³ Global positioning system [226].

      4 ⁴ According to the Shannon theorem, a possible solution for low signal-to-noise ratio scenarios is to increase transmission channel bandwidth.

      5 ⁵ 37 Data Channels and 3 Advertising Channels.

      6 ⁶ The channels depend on the bandwidth spectrum that is available in a given country.

      7 ⁷ For BLE5.

      8 ⁸ For GFSK.

      9 ⁹ For indoor.

      10 ¹⁰ Depending on channel bandwidth.

      11 ¹¹ 868MHz in Europe, 915MHz in North America, and 433MHz in Asia.

      12 ¹² Peak data rates is 1Mbps for both UL & DL.

      13 ¹³ Depending on channel bandwidth and spreading factor.

      14 ¹⁴ 5000 motes per gateway.

      15 ¹⁵ On 4G networks, the typical round-trip latency for radio transmission is about 15 ms with a typical E2E system latency of some 30–100 ms [227, 228].

      16 ¹⁶ OPC-UA is an open standardized software interface developed by the OPC Foundation. It enables M2M communication protocols to interconnect production control systems and industrial automation for the purposes of Industry 4.0 [229]. OPC-UA satisfies the desired requirements of industrial automation and establishes an interface standard that bridges the heterogeneity of industrial communication systems on both communication and information levels.

      17 ¹⁷ GinMAC protocol has restricted scalability due to the exclusive TDMA slot usage, and it supports up to 25 nodes for in-field control stations.