the linker length of 3 nm between tpSil3 and the chromophore of the fluorescent protein. Fourier ring correlation analysis (Figure 1.18c) was used to estimate image resolution [1.43], the results of which (74.7 nm) were in good agreement with those in Figure 1.18b. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging has also been used to determine the locations of tpSil3-Dendra2, tpSil3–mEOS3.2 and tpSil3–Dronpa embedded in biosilica (Figures 1.18d,e,f; left side). This provides a representative comparison of the enhanced resolution/contrast shown in Figure 1.18d,e,f (right side). Note that tpSil3-Dendra2, tpSil3-mEOS3.2 and tpSil3–Dronpa are shown in the outer region of the fultoportulae basal chamber instead of within the external tubes of the fultoportulae. The appearance of large circular non-fluorescent gaps correlates with the structural elements of fultoportulae observed in SEM images (insets of Figures 1.18d,e,f).
Figure 1.18 PALM analysis of tpSil3. (a) Comparison of epifluorescence image and reconstructed super-resolution image of tpSil3-Dendra2 with z-focus on the girdle band area of the diatom. The position of the line scan is highlighted. (b) Line scan through the silica cell wall showing the fluorescence intensity profiles obtained using the two imaging modalities. The FWHM of the PALM image is indicated. (c) Fourier ring correlation applied to super-resolution image in A revealing an effective resolution of 74.7nm. Comparison of epifluorescence images and reconstructed super-resolution image of Dendra2 (d), mEOS3.2 (e), and Dronpa (f) fused to tpSil3 with thew z-focus on the valve region of the diatom. Enlarged details of the fultoportulae to the right. For comparison, we also present an SEM image at the same scale corresponding to the enlarged details shown in the fluorescence image. Scale bars = 1μm and 100nm in the zoomed images. From [1.22] with permission of Springer Nature.
1.7 Conclusion
The structural, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties of diatoms make them ideal research subjects for biomedical research and other fields. Diatoms have been used in photonics to fabricate optical devices based on the micro-meter and nano-meter pores in silica skeletons. It is also possible to load the diatom structure with specific proteins, enzymes, or antibodies for use as biosensors in disease diagnosis and drug carriers, and their biocompatibility and non-toxicity make them an ideal bone implant material. Nano-patterned diatom frustules can even be used to differentiate cancer cells from normal cells. Nonetheless, further advancements will depend on a comprehensive understanding of diatom structure and morphology, which can only be achieved using non-intrusive methods, such as optical microscopy. Fluorescence-based microscopic methods can also be used to gain deeper insights into the application of diatoms in other fields, such as the monitoring of marine environments in vivo or ex vivo. The use of multidimensional imaging in conjunction with spectroscopic and dynamic information provides the sensitivity and selectivity sufficient to detect events at the molecular level.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the India-Taiwan International Cooperative Research Project of Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (grant no. 110-2923-M-039-001-MY3).
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