Electrokinetic Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Petroleum Reservoirs, Properties, Reserves, and Recoveries
11.3 Relative Permeability and Residual Saturation
11.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery
11.5 Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery
11.6 DCEOR (EEOR) and Energy Storage
11.7 Electrochemical Basis for DCEOR
11.8 DCEOR Field Operations
11.9 DCEOR Field Demonstrations
11.10 Produced Fluid Changes
11.11 Laboratory Measurements
11.12 Technology Comparisons
11.13 Summary
11.14 Nomenclature
References
17 Addendum
18 Nomenclature
19 Symbols
21 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Decrease in the water cut in three wells after an earthquake: 1 = Mak...Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram of electrokinetic double layer (I: Immobile layer, ...Figure 1.3 Schematic diagram of EEOR (Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery) electrod...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Relative intensity of vibration fields E/E0 vs. reservoir thickness H...Figure 2.2 Distribution of relative vibration intensity 
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Water flow in a cylindrical channel of some length L in the vibration...Figure 3.2 Movement of droplet of the horizontal non-uniform surface. (a) Pictur...Figure 3.3 Asymmetry types causing vibratory displacement. (a) As observed by ob...Figure 3.4 Particle motion within the vibrating medium with resistance. (a) Pict...Figure 3.5 Particle motion on an inclined flat surface in a harmonic vibration f...Figure 3.6 φ parameter vs. ω and R.Figure 3.7 Particle motion in a straight-linear cylindrical pore channel. (a) Pi...Figure 3.8 Schematic of emergence of vibratory lifting force. (a) As seen by obs...Figure 3.9 Effect of the vibrating pore channels’ configuration on the direction...Figure 3.10 Schematic directional fluid motion in vibrating pore channels. (a) A...Figure 3.11 Directional displacement of a vibrating kerosene droplet within a ca...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Effective heat conductivity for porous samples in a vibration field v...Figure 4.2 The temperature changes in the heat and vibration fields. 1. The heat...Figure 4.3 Injected hot water temperature vs. vibration power. 1, 2, and 3. Vibr...Figure 4.4 Gas hydrate decomposition in a vibration field. 1. Without vibration ...Figure 4.5 An installation scheme of measuring eigenpolarization potential of th...Figure 4.6 Permeability change in natural cores in the vibration field. 1. 11 kH...Figure 4.7 A nomogram for evaluation acceptable vibration pressure. a/b =: 1. −1...Figure 4.8 Amplitudes of maximum acceptable vibration pressures vs. the hardened...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic of the lab installation for a study of the three-phase flow...Figure 5.2 The schematics of the lab installation for a study of three-phase flo...Figure 5.3 Oil displacement by water with various parameters in a vibration fiel...Figure 5.4 The displacement nature and variation of pressure gradient ΔP in the ...Figure 5.5 Oil by water (of various salinities) displacement from a clayey reser...Figure 5.6 Oil by mineralized water displacement from a clayey reservoir in a vi...Figure 5.7 Effect of water salinity on the oil recovery from a shaly reservoir i...Figure 5.8 The displacement at the flow of alkaline water in a shaly reservoir i...Figure 5.9 The displacement at the flow of mineralized water in a shaly reservoi...Figure 5.10 The oil displacement at the direct-flow capillary soaking of reservo...Figure 5.11 Direct-flow (curves 1 and 2) and counterflow (curves 3 and 4) natura...Figure 5.12 Pressure gradient change at capillary soaking with vibration. 1. No ...Figure 5.13 Capillary pression function (Leverett function) f(s) and relative ph...Figure 5.14 Gravity flow against the absolute permeability and function of absol...Figure 5.15 Relative phase permeability vs. gravity flow. 1. kn1(s), kw1(s); 2. ...Figure 5.16 Oil and water gravity flow in the vibration field.Figure 5.17 Scheme of movement of droplet in pore channel in the filed of vibrat...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Computed interrelations between the oil and water phase permeabilitie...Figure 6.2 Experimental values of phase permeabilities interrelation between the...Figure 6.3 Changes in the oil and water phase permeability ratio vs. water satur...Figure 6.4 Capillary pressure vs. water saturation based on results of gravity f...Figure 6.5 Water saturation change at the model oil displacement by distilled wa...Figure 6.6 Schematic acoustic pressure change at the formation pressure higher
