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Musculoskeletal Disorders
The Fatigue Failure Mechanism
Sean Gallagher
Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
Mary F. Barbe
Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
This edition first published 2022 © 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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To Dad and Mom, who set a high bar; to Nancie for her constant love and support; and to Drew and Brendon for being wonderful and thoughtful sons.
Sean Gallagher
To my parents, who taught me how to dream; to Hugh, the love of my life, for his continued aid and support; and to Susan, my twin and other half of my soul, for always being my best friend, companion, and muse.
Mary F. Barbe
Preface
During the course of my [SG’s] doctoral work with Dr. William S. Marras, I became familiar with the work of researchers such as Adams, Cyron, Hutton, and Brinckmann who had performed ex vivo studies examining the effects of repeated stress on fatigue failure of spinal motion segments (Adams & Hutton, 1985; Brinckmann, Biggemann, & Hilweg, 1988; Cyron & Hutton, 1978). When the time came to select a dissertation topic, the option of performing an ex vivo fatigue failure study on spines at different levels of forward flexion was offered and I accepted the opportunity. The results of our research showed once again that spines subjected to repeated stress exhibited a classic fatigue failure response, and that the relationship is also affected by the degree of flexion of the motion segments adopted (Gallagher et al., 2007).
This research added to the existing body of evidence that cadaveric spinal motion segments fail in accordance with the mechanism of fatigue failure. However, though ex vivo fatigue failure data (on various musculoskeletal tissues) had been accumulating for some time, the implications of this mechanism regarding tissue damage were generally neither reflected in the development of musculoskeletal risk assessment tools nor in epidemiological studies examining musculoskeletal disorder risk factors. It is not entirely clear why this is the case, but it is the author's belief that researchers were reluctant to assume that this process would work in a similar manner in the setting of a complex biological system. This is understandable as no real evidence existed at that time that such a process was actually taking place in vivo.
One
