UK
Table 1.13. Future instrument characteristics
| Satellite | Year of launch | Highest spatial resolution (m) | No. of XS bands | Swath width for highest resolution (km) |
| Co3D | 2023 | 0.5 | 4 | 7 x 5 |
| Enmap | 2021 | 30 | 8 + 154 | 30 |
| PléiadesNeo | 2021 | 0.3 | ≥4 | 14 |
| ResourceSat-3/3A | 2021 | 10 | 4 | 280 |
| EarthDaily | 2022 | 5 | 9 | 360 |
| Vivid-i constellation (Earth-i) | - | 0.6–1 | 3 | 5.2 x 5.2 |
| WorldView Legion 1–6 | 2021 | 0.30 | - | - |
| WorldView Scout 1–6 | 2021 | 0.8 | - | - |
1.5. Conclusion
With SAR imaging missions, free data availability, as with, for example, Sentinel-1 and future NISAR or ROSE-L missions, is of real interest for scientists in the field of displacement observations, in particular from missions with high repetitiveness and controlled orbits. For other missions, data of interest will hopefully be accessible through scientific announcements as they used to be. As for new low-cost constellations delivering X-band SAR data, the usefulness for remote sensing displacement applications is still unknown. Even if high resolution is often the highlighted improvement for these missions, the lack of systematic acquisitions over large areas reduces the potential interest of these data for ground displacements all over the Earth.
For the optical imaging missions, nowadays, many Earth observation images are available across many spectral bands and many spatial resolutions. Thanks to the Sentinel and Landsat programs, a large number of images are freely available, allowing many new applications for scientists and commercial companies. Temporal resolution becomes as important as spatial resolution. Many satellite optical missions are commercial ones, with high competition in terms of the prices of provided images, the freshness of the data and the value-added services. With some applications, the satellite image as a product becomes less important. New space actors directly provide geo-statistics services based on the aggregated satellite data. The latest generations of satellites with very high resolutions (30 cm) open the door to more precise measurements of ground displacements.
1.6. Acknowledgments
We thank Roger Fjørtoft and Jean-Marie Nicolas for their careful reviews and comments that helped to improve this chapter.
1.7. References
Arcioni, M., Bensi, P., Fois, F., Gabriele, A., Hélière, F., Lin, C., Massotti, L., Scipal, K. (2013). ESA’s Biomass mission system and payload overview. Proceedings of the ESA Living Planet Symposium, Edinburgh, UK.
CSA (2019). Open data: Over 36,000 historical RADARSAT-1 satellite images of the earth now available to the public. Canadian Space Agency, April 1, Saint-Hubert, Quebec [Online]. Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/space-agency/news/2019/03/open-data-over-36000-historical-radarsat-1-satellite-images-of-the-earth-nowavailable-to-the-public.html.
ESA (2019). (A)SAR on-the-fly: Data dissemination and processing service user manual. ASAR-OTF-UM, version 2.1 [Online]. Available at: https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/documents/20142/37627/ASAR-OTF-user-manual.pdf.
Hélière, F., Carbone, A., Fonseca, N., Ayllon, N., Barnes, A., Fehringer, M. (2016). Biomass P-band SAR. EUSAR Proceedings, Hamburg, Germany.
ITU-R (2009). Frequency bands and required bandwidths used for spaceborne active sensors operating in the earth exploration-satellite (active) and space research (active) services. ITU-R recommendation RS.577-7 [Online]. Available at: https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-RS.577-7-200902-I/en.
ITU-R (2010). The essential role and global importance of radio spectrum use for Earth observations and for related applications [Online]. Available at: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-RS.2178-2010-PDF-E.pdf.
ITU-R (2020). Eco frequency information system table ITU-region1 [Online]. Available at: https://efis.cept.org/view/search-general.do/.
NASA (2019). NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Mission Science Users’ Handbook. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CL# 18-1893, California, USA.
Pierdicca, N., Davidson, M., Chini, M., Dierking, W., Djavidnia, S., Haarpaintner, J., Hajduch, G., Laurin, G., Lavalle, M., López-Martínez, C., Nagler, T., Su, B. (2019). The Copernicus L-band SAR mission ROSE-L (Radar Observing System for Europe). Proceedings of the SPIE Remote Sensing 2019, Strasbourg, France.
Prats-Iraola, P., Scheiber, R., Marotti, L., Wollstadt, S., Reigber, A. (2012). Tops interferometry with TerraSAR-X. IEEE TGRS, 50(8).
Solaas,
