id="n_42">42
Эту стратегию аргументации Хуфнегл называет «карточной колодой отрицателей». См.: Christopher Jay Hoofnagle, “The Denialists’ Deck of Cards: An Illustrated Taxonomy of Rhetoric Used to Frustrate Consumer Protection Efforts,” ScienceBlogs, February 9, 2007, https:// scienceblogs.com/denialism/the- denialists- deck- of- cards.
43
Frank Pasquale, “Technology, Competition, and Values,” Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 8 (2007): 607–622; Peter Asaro, “Jus Nascendi, Robotic Weapons and the Martens Clause,” in Robot Law, eds. Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin, and Ian Kerr (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2016), 367–386.
44
Frank Pasquale, “Technology, Competition, and Values,” Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 8 (2007): 607–622.
45
См., например: Kenneth Anderson and Matthew C. Waxman, “Law and Ethics for Autonomous Weapon Systems: Why a Ban Won’t Work and How the Laws of War Can,” Hoover Institution Stanford University Task Force on XationalSecurity and Law (2013), где дается ответ на кампанию «Остановить роботов-убийц» (Campaign to Stop Killer Robots).
46
P. W. Singer, Wiredfor War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin, 2009), 435.
47
Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines (New York: Penguin, 1999).
48
Rebecca Crootof, “A Meaningful F100r for Meaningful Human Control,” Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 53–62; Paul Scharre, “Centaur Warfighting: The False Choice of Humans vs. Automation,” Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 151–166.
49
Jeffrey L. Caton, Autonomous Weapon Systems: A Brief Survey of Developmental, Operational, Legal, and Ethical Issues (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College Press, 2015); Liang Qiao and Xiangsui Wang, Unrestricted Warfare: China’s Master Plan to Destroy America, trans. Al Santoli (Panama City: Pan American Publishing, 2000).
50
Проекты по анализу лиц, упомянутые в этом абзаце, критикуются в работе: Frank Pasquale, “When Machine Learning is Facially Invalid,” Communications of the ACM 61, no. 9 (2018): 25–27.
51
David Castlevecchi, “Can We Open the Black Box of Al?” Scientific American, October 5, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/ article/can-we-open-the-black-box-of-ai/.
52
Jennifer Kavanagh and Michael D. Rich, Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018, https://www.rand. org/pubs/research_reports/RR23i4.html; Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis, Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online (New York: Data and Society, 2017), https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSocie-ty_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline.pdf.
53
О различии между речью и поведении см., например: Claudia Haupt, “Professional Speech,” Yale Law Journal 125, no. 5 (2016): 1238–1303.
54
Как показывает Джил Эйал, экспертные знания вполне могут существовать вне эксперта, не только в виде набора пропозиционально выраженных знаний, но и в качестве институтов. См.: Gil Eyal, The Crisis of Expertise (Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2019).
55
Alex (Sandy) Pentland, Honest Signals: How They Shape Our World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), где обсуждаются социометрические индикаторы.
56
См.: Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014); Eliot Freidson, Professionalism, The Third Logic: On the Practice of Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
57
Подробное обсуждение «автоматизации добродетели» см. в: Ian Kerr, “Digital Locks and the Automation of Virtue,” in From Radical Extremism to Balanced Copyright: Canadian Copyright and the Digital Agenda, ed. Michael Geist (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2010), 247–303.
58
Hope Reese, “Updated: Autonomous Driving Levels о to 5: Understanding the Differences,” TechRepublic, January 20, 2016, http:// www.techrepublic.com/article/autonomous-driving-levels-o-to-5-understanding-the-differences/.
59
Кэти О’Нил, Убийственные большие данные: как математика превратилась в оружие массового поражения (Москва: ACT, 2018); Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015); Da-nah Boyd and Kate Crawford, “Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations for a Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon.” Information, Communication, and Society 15, no. 5 (2012): 662–679.
60
Bryant Walker Smith, “How Governments Can Promote Automated Driving,” New Mexico Law Review 47 (2017): 99-138.
61
Ibid., 114.
62
Я привожу здесь лишь
