technique used when the number of features (or dimensions) in a given dataset is too high. It reduces the number of data inputs to a manageable size while also preserving the data integrity. Often, this technique is used in the preprocessing data stage, such as when autoencoders remove noise from visual data to improve picture quality405.
Dimensions is the maximum number of linearly independent vectors contained in the space406,407.
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in computer science and mathematics, a directed acyclic graph is a finite directed graph with no directed cycles. It consists of finitely many vertices and edges, with each edge directed from one vertex to another, such that there is no way to start at any vertex and follow a consistently directed sequence of edges that eventually loops back to that starting vertex again408.
Disaster tolerance is the ability of a system to restore an application on an alternate cluster when the primary cluster fails. Disaster tolerance is based on data replication and failover. Data replication is the copying of data from a primary cluster to a backup or secondary cluster409.
Disclosure of information constituting a commercial secret is an action or inaction as a result of which information constituting a commercial secret, in any possible form (oral, written, other form, including using technical means) becomes known to third parties without the consent of the owner of such information, or contrary to an employment or civil law contract410.
Discrete feature is a feature with a finite set of possible values. For example, a feature whose values may only be animal, vegetable, or mineral is a discrete (or categorical) feature. Contrast with continuous feature411.
Discrete system is any system with a countable number of states. Discrete systems may be contrasted with continuous systems, which may also be called analog systems. A final discrete system is often modeled with a directed graph and is analyzed for correctness and complexity according to computational theory. Because discrete systems have a countable number of states, they may be described in precise mathematical models. A computer is a finite state machine that may be viewed as a discrete system. Because computers are often used to model not only other discrete systems but continuous systems as well, methods have been developed to represent real-world continuous systems as discrete systems. One such method involves sampling a continuous signal at discrete time intervals412.
Discriminative model is a model that predicts labels from a set of one or more features. More formally, discriminative models define the conditional probability of an output given the features and weights; that is (output|features, weights). For example, a model that predicts whether an email is spam from features and weights is a discriminative model. The vast majority of supervised learning models, including classification and regression models, are discriminative models. Contrast with generative model413.
Discriminator is a system that determines whether examples are real or fake. The subsystem within a generative adversarial network that determines whether the examples created by the generator are real or fake414.
Disparate impact – making decisions about people that impact different population subgroups disproportionately. This usually refers to situations where an algorithmic decision-making process harms or benefits some subgroups more than others415.
Disparate treatment – factoring subjects’ sensitive attributes into an algorithmic decision-making process such that different subgroups of people are treated differently416.
Dissemination of information – actions aimed at obtaining information by an indefinite circle of persons or transferring information to an indefinite circle of persons417.
Dissemination of personal data – actions aimed at disclosing personal data to an indefinite circle of persons418.
Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) (also decentralized artificial intelligence) is a subfield of artificial intelligence research dedicated to the development of distributed solutions for problems. DAI is closely related to and a predecessor of the field of multi-agent systems419.
Distributed registry technologies (Blockchain) are algorithms and protocols for decentralized storage and processing of transactions structured as a sequence of linked blocks without the possibility of their subsequent change420.
Distribution series are series of absolute and relative numbers that characterize the distribution of population units according to a qualitative (attributive) or quantitative attribute. Distribution series built on a quantitative basis are called variational421.
Divisive clustering – see hierarchical clustering422,423.
Documentation generically, any information on the structure, contents, and layout of a data file. Sometimes called «technical documentation» or «a codebook». Documentation may be considered a specialized form of metadata424.
Documented information – information recorded on a material carrier by means of documentation with details that make it possible to determine such information, or, in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, its material carrier425.
Downsampling – overloaded term that can mean either of the following: Reducing the amount of information in a feature in order to train a model more efficiently. For example, before training an image recognition model, downsampling high-resolution images to a lower-resolution format. Training on a disproportionately low percentage of over-represented class examples in order to improve model training on under-represented classes. For example, in a class-imbalanced dataset, models tend to learn a lot about the majority class and not enough about the minority class. Downsampling helps balance the amount of training on the majority and minority classes426.
Driver is computer software that allows other software (the operating system) to access the hardware of a device427.
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Dimensions [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#dimensions (дата обращения: 29.06.2023)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph (дата обращения: 10.05.2023)
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Разглашение информации, составляющей коммерческую тайну [Электронный ресурс] http://www.kremlin.ru URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/21227 Федеральный закон от 29 июля 2004 г. N 98-ФЗ «О коммерческой тайне», статья 3. Основные понятия, п.9 (дата обращения: 29.06.2023)
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Discrete system [Электронный ресурс] www.semanticscholar.org URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Discrete-system/272487 (дата обращения 22.03.2022)
Discriminative model [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#discriminative_model (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)
Discriminator [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#discriminator (дата обращения 22.03.2022)
Disparate impact [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#disparate-impact (дата обращения: 11.05.2023)
Disparate treatment [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#disparate-treatment (дата обращения: 11.05.2023)
Распространение информации [Электронный ресурс] http://www.kremlin.ru URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/24157 Федеральный закон от 27.07.2006 №149-ФЗ «Об информации, информационных технологиях и о защите информации», Статья 2. Основные понятия, п.9 (дата обращения: 29.06.2023)
Распространение персональных данных [Электронный ресурс] http://letters.kremlin.ru URL: http://letters.kremlin.ru/info-service/acts/9 Федеральный закон от 27 июля 2006 г. №152-ФЗ «О персональных данных», Статья 3. Основные понятия, п. 5 (дата обращения: 29.06.2023)
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Divisive clustering [Электронный ресурс] https://www.primeclasses.in URL: https://www.primeclasses.in/glossary/data-science-course/machine-learning/divisive-clustering (дата обращения: 29.06.2023)
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Драйвер [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Драйвер (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)
