a significant development in the assessment of how projects impact individuals’ subjective well-being. For example, substantial work in this direction has been carried out in the United Kingdom. There is a center dedicated to evidence-based approaches in projects aimed at enhancing well-being. Since 2011, the annual population survey features four questions related to personal well-being. Respondents are asked to rate their current life satisfaction on a scale of 1 to 10, assess the significance of their life pursuits, reflect on their happiness the previous day, and indicate their level of anxiety during the same period.[21]
Approaches to assessing the quality of life, well-being, and happiness are interlinked. They can be categorized into three groups, based by their impact scale.
In the UK, creative approaches to measuring well-being have also emerged. Convinced that the purpose of exhibitions includes influencing people’s emotional and psychological states, museums have particularly excelled in this area. To assess this impact, all visitors are invited to select a leaf of a specific color at the entrance to the exhibition and attach it to a tree. Following a color-coded system, a red leaf signifies “I feel good and prosperous,” a yellow leaf indicates a neutral state, and a green leaf expresses “I feel sad.” At the exit, visitors encounter another tree. Subsequently, the number of leaves of each color at the entrance and exit is tallied to gauge whether the exhibition has affected people’s emotional states.
Over the past three years, various indices for measuring happiness and well-being have also made their debut in Russia. The pioneer was the Russian Cities Quality of Life Index, developed in 2021 by VEB.RF in collaboration with PwC (now known as Trust Technologies) and the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, in partnership with the Agency for Strategic Initiatives (ASI). This comprises an information and analytical system that, as of 2023, consists of several components:[22]
• A database encompassing data on over 300 indicators for 218 cities across Russia. It allows analyzing and comparing cities, including with their foreign counterparts (based on individual indicators).
• City profiles, offering a detailed portrait of each city and facilitating comparisons of specific indicators with the national average or a cluster of similar cities.
The Timchenko Foundation also developed the General Index of Child Well-being, introduced in 2021, followed by the RUSAL Cities Quality of Life Index in 2022. These indices share a similar structure and rely on specific indicators. In the following sections, we will delve into each of these indices in more detail and explore how they can be utilized to assess conditions in various regions.
This index, introduced in 2022, forms the basis of the company’s new social investment strategy. Irina Bakhtina, RUSAL’s Chief Sustainability Officer, explained that it is founded on criteria used by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as well as the VEB.RF Quality of Life Index.[23] The key distinction between RUSAL’s index and VEB.RF’s database lies in the population size of the territories under examination. RUSAL is interested in evaluating the quality of life and sustainability in cities and communities with populations of below 50,000.
66 indicators were considered in the development of this index, including statistical data (32 indicators), survey data (19 indicators), and information obtained through requests to regional and local authorities (15 indicators). RUSAL’s comprehensive tool covers 21 territories, including cities and municipal districts, across 12 dimensions of quality of life, categorized into three aspects: Values, Environment, and Potential.
“Values” include the following characteristics: 1) Work-life balance, leisure opportunities, and consumption of goods and services.
2) The ability to maintain regular contact with family and acquaintances, trust in the community, and a willingness to participate in social activities.
3) Satisfaction with life and confidence in the future.
4) Public safety.
“Environment” includes:
1) A comfortable, appealing, and diverse urban environment, encompassing streets, parks, and public spaces.
2) Good health and access to advanced medical care.
3) Favorable environmental conditions and an advanced waste management system within the city.
4) Availability of high-quality, well-maintained, and conveniently located housing.
The Happiness Research Institute suggests a unit of measurement known as WALY – life years adjusted based on the subjective level of well-being.
“Potential” comprises the following characteristics:
1) Access to employment opportunities that enable income and professional growth.
2) Extensive opportunities for receiving quality education for both children and adults.
3) Convenient transportation within the city and the ability to travel beyond its borders.
4) Effective governance and protection of civil rights.
“We consistently emphasize: this is not a ranking; it’s a diagnostic tool. It is crucial for us to identify areas where we may be falling short and to understand why. It is essential to examine the results in a comparative context. Why is this important? If our employees and their families move from one plant to another, we want to assess how their quality of life might change,” explains Irina Bakhtina.
Based on the results of 2022, regional centers such as Volgograd, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Novokuznetsk, along with the Sharypovsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Krai and Kandalaksha in the Murmansk region, took the lead in the index rankings. Conversely, the territories of the Irkutsk region lagged behind. For instance, Taishet, a city in the Irkutsk region with a population of 34,000, occupied the 21st position out of 21 in terms of socio-economic well-being. Respondents provided a low subjective rating of urban improvement quality, highlighted inadequate street lighting, noted low participation of children in extracurricular activities, reported low scores in the Unified State Exam (USE), mentioned a scarcity of events and cultural institutions in the city, pointed out a high accident rate, and cited limited affordability of housing.
Understanding the landscape of these issues serves as a crucial reference point for making decisions regarding social investments. In this regard, the company hopes that by addressing significant problems in Taishet and other cities and regions, it will witness improvements reflected in the index in the years to come.
The Child Well-Being Index serves as a data source to gauge the quality of life for children. Such indices are employed in numerous countries across the world. For instance, there is a report from Ireland’s Department of Children’s Affairs on the state of the child sector in the country, the Child Poverty and Hardship Index in the Kyrgyz Republic, the National Cohort Study and School Health Surveys in Finland, and Kazakhstan’s Child Wellbeing Index.
In Russia, the Child Well-Being Index[24] was developed with contributions by the Timchenko Foundation, the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics, the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, and
Office for National Statistics. Surveys using our four personal well-being questions. Retrieved from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/methodologies/surveysusingthe4officefornationalstatisticspersonalwellbeingquestions. (accessed: 11.12.2023).
VEB.RF (2023). Quality of Life Index. Retrieved from: https://citylifeindex.ru/. (accessed: 11.12.2023).
VEB.RF (2023). Quality of Life Index. Retrieved from: https://citylifeindex.ru/. (accessed: 11.12.2023).
The Timchenko Foundation. (2022). About the Child Well-Being Index. Retrieved from: https://cwb-index.timchenkofoundation.org/about/. (accessed: 11.12.2023).
