cylinder through the intake (inlet) port.
2) The intake (inlet) valve (or valves) then close(s), and the following upward stroke (compression) compresses the fuel-air mixture.
3) The air-fuel mixture is then ignited, usually by a spark plug for a gasoline or by the heat and pressure of compression for a Diesel cycle of compression ignition engine, at approximately the top of the compression stroke.
4) The resulting expansion of burning gases then forces the piston downward for the third stroke (power), and the fourth and final upward stroke (exhaust) evacuates the spent exhaust gases from the cylinder past the then-open exhaust valve or valves, through the exhaust port.
Wordlist
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
fuel – топливо
to occur – происходить
chamber – камера
piston – поршень
nozzle – форсунка, наконечник, выпускное отверстие
stroke – ход, такт
intake – всасывание compression – сжатие
to ignite – воспламенять(ся) зажигать
spark plug – запальная свеча
approximately – приблизительно
downward (upward) – движение вниз (вверх)
exhaust gases – отработанные (выхлопные) газы
valve – клапан
spring – пружина
Answer the questions.
1. What is internal combustion engine?
2. What process produces force in the engine?
3. Who created the first ICE?
4. What are the main strokes in the ICE?
5. Can you describe them?
One of mankind s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communications, only crude farming, no electric power. Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals.
At first all wheels were solid discs. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became some with iron and then with rubber.
Wordlist
mankind – человечество
trace – след
to come into use – найти свое применение
Bronze Age – Бронзовый Век
solid – прочный, твердый
hole – отверстие
Answer the questions.
1. What was one of the greatest world's inventions?
2. When was the wheel invented?
3. What was the problem to be solved with the wheels?
4. What was the wheel covered with?
Isaac Newton is generally regarded as one of the greatest and most famous scientists in history. Newton was an astronomer, physicist, mathematic and philosopher who is known for theorizing and reporting on gravitational force and three laws of motion.
Isaac Newton discovered that white light is made up of a spectrum of colours, that when blender together produce the white light. He showed by use of a prism that white light can be split into a spectrum of colours and then used a second prism to show this spectrum can then be rejoined to produce white light. Newton also theorized that light was composed of particles but had to associate the property of light with waves in order to explain refraction of light.
Wordlist
to be regarded – считаться, быть известным как…
gravitational force – сила гравитации
colour – цвет
light – свет
property – свойство
wave – волна
Answer the questions:
1. What were the spheres of Isaac Newton's interests?
2. How is white light produced?
3. What was his theory about light waves?
Ernest Rutherford is called the Newton of atomic physics. He was recognized by his fellow scientists as a man of colossal energy and tireless enthusiasm.
Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand. He graduated from New Zealand University and entered Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1919 he was appointed a Professor of experimental physics in the University of Cambridge. E. Rutherford’s early researches concerned electromagnetic waves.
His experiments led him to develop a magnetic detector, which at that time was the best detector of electromagnetic waves. His detector was later used by Marconi, one of the inventors of the radio, in his wellknown investigations. Rutherford’s big triumph began when he turned his attention to radioactivity. His brilliant researches established the existence and nature of radioactive transformations. He also investigated the electrical structure of matter and the nuclear nature of atom. He was one of the founders of the atomic theory of physics and creators of the first atomic model. He stated that the atom consisted of a nucleus around which electrons revolved in orbits.
Wordlist:
recognize – признавать, узнавать
tireless – неустанный
graduate – получать высшее образование
