style="font-size:15px;"> The celebration of carnival is one of the main vestiges of such orgiastic cults in Christian Europe. Even after Christianity triumphed, such stress-relieving festivals were a necessity, if adherence to and compliance with the puritanical morals of everyday life was to be ensured. Today, carnival is an especially lively celebration in towns and cities that are predominantly Catholic. “The Catholic church,” writes Schubart, “never did reject the needs stemming from the joy of creation as brusquely and with such finality as Protestantism did with its stern and severe realism and its male gravity.”
Love positions from the Kamasutra. Wood relief, from the district of Madras, India.
Indian temple relief, 18th century. Wood.
Fertility and creational bliss cults are always celebrations of fraternisation. That is the reason that the celebration of carnival – just like all other Dionysian celebrations – is based on the demand for general equality, which tears down the artificial societal barriers between participants. The custom of cross-dressing also has its origin in ancient beliefs. The exchange of clothing was practised during some of the Aphrodite festivals. Plutarch describes the wild celebration of the Festival of Impudence (Hybristika) where women wore men’s clothing and coats and the men donned women’s clothing and veils. What these customs shared was the desire to come to resemble an androgynous deity.
Love outside the rules seemed to have been a monopoly of the ruling class in western culture for a long time, as Jaques Solé in his study Love in Western Culture has shown. Between 1500 and 1800 particularly, the aristocracy knew how to remove themselves from the sexual order and oppression as propagated by Christendom. Such sexual anarchy often took the shape of festive promiscuity.
The imagination and fantasy of the Occident was ruled for a long time by the excesses of the Borgias. During the pontificate of Alexander VI, a true Renaissance prince with a strongly sensual temperament, surrounded by bastards and many of his minions, dozens of amorous ladies of the night often gathered in the Vatican. On the eve of All Saints’ Day 1501, the pope, who prayed to the powers of desire much as he did to the powers of Jesus Christ, presided over a famous feast. At the end of the celebration, fifty chosen nude courtesans crawled around on all fours and picked up the sweet chestnuts thrown to them by the surrounding crowd. This was followed by the award of prizes to those who imparted – in public – the strongest proof of their masculinity.
Masked balls gained popularity in the Paris of Henri III, especially when the occasion was a wedding banquet. At the end of such festivities, some of the more daring young ladies, dressed in silk and jewels, lost their honour amidst the general chaos and confusion.
During the times of Henri IV of France, a segment of the French elite was caught in some sort of sexual maelstrom, which eventually swept across the entire European aristocracy. Once again, his lecherous court, revelling in promiscuity, was an immense luxury brothel. The 17th century was the age most open to sexuality, exhibiting it in its coarsest forms. Without wanting to exaggerate the image of an aristocracy with undisciplined urges and desires, one can say that a large segment of the regime was addicted to the anarchic values of sexual freedom.
Erotic fairytales.
Mass Orgy. Ivory reel carving, Japan.
Seven Copulating Figures. Ivory carving, Japan.
Gaston Vorberg, 1921.
The libertine environment of the Age of Enlightenment thus had many predecessors. In France, the creation of a true court society under Ludwig XIV, which was subject to specific and mandatory rules, meant only that the orgiastic tendencies which continued were smothered with hypocrisy. During the Rococo period, sexual licentiousness took on forms which are almost incomprehensible to today’s sensitivities. “Not only,” writes Paul Englisch in his The History of European Morals, “did women change their lovers on a regular basis, but men also bestowed their favours on the ladies from the ballet and the opera. Demanding freedom for themselves and granting it to their spouses, couples finally formed entire love associations in order to escape the businesslike ambience of the brothels and thus to drain the cup of lust down to the last drop. Such societies or associations were regulated with specific statutes and articles and often persevered for many years. The best-known ones were the Order of Bliss, The Society of Aphrodites, whose statutes and articles were the primary subjects of a comprehensive pornographic novel by Nerciat, as well as the Société du Moment, the Secte Anandryne, and others. These pornographic clubs not only cultivated heterosexual love, bisexuality as well as homosexuality came into their own. It would be safe to say that [Marquis] de Sade in his awful novels did indeed stick to nature, when he depicts not only young boys and girls, men and women, but also animals that serve to satisfy every single lecherous lust and desire in his club, the Association for the Friends of Crime. Vices have been incorporated into a system, but one wants nothing more than to be profligate, only to find the bliss of crime in these vices.”
Outside France, the lords and ladies of Europe also participated in this orgiastic fashion. For example, in Dresden in 1750, young aristocrats metamorphosed into nude dancers; jokesters imitated them during traditional balls held by the common people in the small towns and in the countryside.
London during the Age of Enlightenment was a veritable hub of organised promiscuity. William Hogarth has depicted this in his splendidly described tavern scenes from around 1733. Here, the bourgeois artist condemns the decadent vices of the aristocracy as the ruler over destruction and violence.
The Russian aristocracy, parroting the West in everything, displayed its orgiastic tastes without shame. Among many details about the love life of the court, Englisch’s proof consists of the transvestite balls, which were organised in Moscow by the Czarina Elisabeth in 1744. All men wore women’s clothing and vice versa without anybody ever hiding behind a mask.
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