Conflicts of empires. Spain, the Low Countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585–1713 (London, 1997), pp. 67–8. For projected Spanish military expenditure in 1634 see the figures in J. H. Elliott, ‘Foreign policy and domestic crisis: Spain, 1598–1659’, in J. H. Elliott, Spain and its world, 1500–1700. Selected essays (New Haven and London, 1989), p. 130.
42
Randall Lesaffer, ‘Defensive warfare, prevention and hegemony: the justifications of the Franco-Spanish war of 1635’, Journal for International Law, 8 (2006), pp. 91–123 and 141–79. Richelieu on gateways is cited in J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge, 1984), p. 123.
43
Quoted in Derek Croxton, Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe. Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643–1648 (Selinsgrove, Pa, and London, 1999), p. 271.
44
Quoted in Stuart Carroll, Martyrs and murderers. The Guise family and the making of Europe (Oxford, 2009), p. 68.
45
Quoted in Alison D. Anderson, On the verge of war. International relations and the Jülich-Kleve succession crises (1609–1614) (Boston, 1999), p. 51.
46
Anja Victorine Hartmann, Von Regensburg nach Hamburg. Die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen dem französischen König und dem Kaiser vom Regensburger Vertrag (13. Oktober 1630) bis zum Hamburger Präliminarfrieden (25. Dezember 1641) (Münster, 1998).
47
Richelieu is quoted in Hermann Weber, ‘Richelieu und das Reich’, in Heinrich Lutz, Friedrich Hermann Schubert and Hermann Weber (eds.), Frankreich und das Reich im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1968), pp. 36–52 (pp. 39 and 41).
48
Quoted in Osiander, States system of Europe, p. 28.
49
James D. Tracy, The founding of the Dutch Republic. War, finance, and politics in Holland, 1572–1588 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 5–7, 143–5, 238–41 and passim. For the connections between the Netherlands and the Empire see Johannes Arndt, Das heilige Römische Reich und die Niederlande 1566 bis 1648. Politisch-Konfessionelle Verflechtung und Publizistik im Achtzigjährigen Krieg (Cologne, 1998).
50
Rory McEntegart, Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden and the English Reformation (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 11–12 and 217–18 (quotation p. 17).
51
Cited in R. B. Wernham, Before the Armada. The growth of English foreign policy, 1485–1588 (London, 1966), p. 292.
52
J. Raitt, ‘The Elector John Casimir, Queen Elizabeth, and the Protestant League’, in D. Visser (ed.), Controversy and conciliation. The Reformation and the Palatinate, 1559–1583 (Allison Park, Pa, 1986), pp. 117–45. 145
53
О нежелании Елизаветы вторгаться в Нидерланды: Simon Adams, ‘Elizabeth I and the sovereignty of the Netherlands, 1576–1585’, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, XIV (2004), pp. 309–19. 319
54
Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus (London and New York, 1992), pp. 59–72, and ‘The political objectives of Gustav Adolf in Germany, 1630–2’, in Roberts, Essays in Swedish History (London, 1967), pp. 82–110. The quotations from Gustavus Adolphus and the Rijkstag are in Erik Ringmar, Identity, interest and action. A cultural explanation of Sweden’s intervention in the Thirty Years War (Cambridge, 1996), p. 112. Oxenstierna is quoted in Peter H. Wilson (ed.), The Thirty Years War. A Sourcebook (Basingstoke and New York, 2010), p. 133.
55
‘Swedish Manifesto. 1630’, in Wilson (ed.), Thirty Years War. A Source-book, p. 122. The concerns about the Habsburgs ‘drawing nearer to the Baltic provinces’ are clearly spelled out on pp. 123–4. The ‘liberty of Germany’ is invoked in the final paragraph, p. 130.
56
Sigmund Goetze, Die Politik des schwedischen Reichskanzlers Axel Oxenstierna gegenüber Kaiser und Reich (Kiel, 1971), pp. 75–90.
57
Пожизненным диктатором (лат.). Примеч. ред.
58
Quoted in Michael Roberts, ‘Oxenstierna in Germany’, in Roberts, From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four studies (Cambridge, 1991), p. 26.
59
О важности для испанцев Германии: Charles Howard Carter, The secret diplomacy of the Habsburgs, 1598–1625 (New York and London, 1964), p. 58.
60
Quoted in Osiander, States system of Europe, p. 79.
61
Gülru Necipoğ lu, ‘Süleyman the Magni cent and the representation of power in the context of Ottoman – Habsburg – Papal rivalry’, The Art Bulletin, 71 (1989), pp. 401–27, especially pp. 411–12. 412
62
Goffman, Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, pp. 107–8. Важность Центральной Европы и Средиземноморья: Metin Kunt and Christine Woodhead (eds.), Süleyman the Magnificent and his age. The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern world (London, 1995), pp. 24 and 42–3. 43
63
Quoted in Karl Brandi, Kaiser Karl V. Wenden und Schicksal einer Persönlichkeit und eines Weltreiches (Munich, 1959), p. 78.
64
Quoted in John M. Headley, ‘Germany, the Empire and Monarchia in the thought and policy of Gattinara’, in Lutz (ed.), Das römisch-deutsche Reich, p. 18.
65
Henry J. Cohn, ‘Did bribes induce the German electors to choose Charles V as emperor in 1519?’, German History, 19, 1 (2001), pp. 1–27.
66
Headley, ‘Germany, the Empire and Monarchia’,
