style="font-size:15px;"> 2. The characteristic of the candidates for the place of the person, which have appeared during evolution.
Any highest consciousness, including single consciousness, most of all appreciates liberty, which provides a scope for manifestation of activity of the living being: liberty does possible relatively rapid and intensive development of consciousness of the living being.
However, liberty in the form of consciously-target character of the activities of the organism is absent for the living beings of the nature, appearing during evolutionary development, owing to their almost complete fusion with the environment, which presupposes as sufficient only instinctive and reflex activities for ensuring existence.
What is liberty can understand only the being, who is capable not only to evaluate own actions for obtaining a certain benefit, but who is capable also to oppose self to everything else outside usefulness to itself [2. Ch. 7].
I.e. a self-conscious being, remaining the subject of the nature, at the same time gradually gains ability to become over the environment, forcing it to serve own interests and even whims.
What characteristics should have such creature, which is, to a certain extent, already not only purely natural?
It must be assumed that first of all this being has to be able to transform consciously the world around for the purposes which can be not only pragmatic.
For this purpose, this being should seek various means to overcome resistance of this environment, dependence on it. The main means in this case are those features of mind and a structure of an organism which or are absent at other living beings, or are at them in embryo, i.e. they are practically not used as superfluous.
The greatest progress in activities of this being is achieved generally not as a product of its personal qualities, such as sharpness of mind, resourcefulness, retentive memory, ingenuity, force, etc., but as a result of accumulating and use of information of many generations in all its possible types, but, most effectively, – in written. With growth of volume of information sources are being expanded possibilities of specialization, training, that by itself even more promotes to the achievements in a labor activity, which in turn gives additional opportunities for manifestation of initiative, ingenuity, training fruits, assuming not only the work on samples, but also use of logical designs, abstract forms, but not just the subject concepts, by composing in own head of certain schemes, before their implementation in practice.
Self-awareness also allows not only pragmatic and targeted way to treat the environment, changing it for itself, but also to see own appearance, for example, discovering itself in the polished fragment of the rock or seeing reflected in a rain pool, receiving the aspiration to change, decorate this shape anyway, that forms thereby the culture rudiments.
At all this the greatest advantage in activities is got by the individuals capable not only on one extrapolation, but also on unexpected, original (creative) solutions of the arising problems, i.e. the beings who can create what for the present isn't present in an environment, and that in itself means aspiration of each being to similar manifestations, far as, of course, it is possible for him.
Thus, the searched liberty of consciousness receives realization from within, reflecting itself into activity in all expanding space of own affairs, in disappearing dependence on a lot of external factors, that is supported by successful solution anyway of the arising problems [2. Ch. 7].
In the course of evolution three quite worthy candidates have appeared: an ape, a rat and a dolphin, inducting in genome of one of which a certain set of the genes promoting development of self-consciousness, could give the creative being, whose main qualities are stated above
Other living creatures in the properties associated with ingenuity, the ability to convert one way or another the environment, mostly are far behind specified beings
Let us characterize briefly these three species, despite the fact that the result of the selection is already known.
Let's start with the rat.
The rat is not as simple as it seems.
In particular, if we compare its genome with the human genome, then the number of genes at the person (about 30 thousand) and the rat (about 25 thousand) is comparable, and it is very important, inasmuch from the manifestation of the genotype depends all basic properties of each individual of the respective kind.
Decoding the genome of the rat showed that 99% genes of the person and rat are similar, and 80% at all coincide, and the length of the genetic code of the rat is 2.5 billion pairs of nucleotides, that is slightly shorter than at the person (2.9 billion pairs of nucleotides).
It is no wonder that the composition of blood of a rat and a person coincides, the structure of body tissues also coincides; moreover, experiments have shown that rats, like humans, have abstract thinking, at least, in a number of situations. About it in more detail you can read on Internet.
All these data are not so striking, so how mammals evolved from Theriodont (medium-sized lizard) about two hundred million years ago, and the branches of the rodents and the primates diverged about 30 million years ago.
The advantage of the rat is the fact that it has evolved about three times faster than a human.
Grey rats can run with speed up to 9.6 km/h, jump up to the height of 80 cm, swim 2 km, dig the long burrows, arrange the refuge practically in any place. They are unusually adaptive, unpretentious and capable to give birth up to 23 cubs. In the wild the rats seldom live till 1 year, but they live in house conditions about 3 years.
Rats communicate among themselves with very large number of various signals in the ultrasonic range.
Rats are capable to think, as has shown a number of experiments, no worse than primates.
Rats are capable to understand value of a number of words and to use them on sense according to a situation. Rats are also capable to copy the human speech.
Rats can generalize a number of situations and use the abstract forms, matured in their heads.
Rats are also capable to deduce the general rules of behavior on the basis of the accumulated life experience and to use them for the solution of the tasks with which they weren't encounter yet.
Rats even possess rudiments of self-awareness, in particular, being able to estimate adequately correctness of own decisions made in ambiguous situations, increasing thereby probability of correctness of own actions further.
On the other hand, the rat brain increases in a size quicker than new neurons are got. Therefore, the larger individuals possess smaller number of neurons on gram of neural fabric, than small individuals while one gram of neural fabric of the large primates and the small primates contains identical amount of neurons. In other words, the brain of primates is constructed on the most economic use of space.
As a result, for example, the brain of a rat with 86 billion neurons (as at the person) would weigh 35 kg.
Regarding dolphins following can be noted.
The brain of dolphins is developing about 47 million years. The ratio of its weight to the size of the body corresponds only to similar ratio at the person.
Reasonableness dolphins reaches a high degree, as evidenced by the possession of language with the dictionary volume 1012, and the number of signals produced by them in the normal mode is about 14 thousand: it is the same amount as at people in everyday life. The signal of a dolphin carries more meaning than the separate word.
