The History of Antiquity, Vol. 4 (of 6). Duncker Max

69

"Samaveda," by Benfey, 2, 7, 2, 1.

70

"Samaveda," by Benfey, 1, 1, 2, 2; 1, 1, 1, 9.

71

Muir, loc. cit. 5, 212 ff.

72

Kuhn, "Herabkunft des Feuers," s. 23 ff., 36 ff., 70 ff.

73

Kaegi, "Rigveda," 1, 23.

74

The triple birth is explained differently in the poems of the Rigveda and in the Brahmanas.

75

"Rigveda," 1, 36; cf. 1, 27, 58, 76.

76

Divo napata: "Rigveda," 1, 182, 1, 4.

77

"Rigveda," 1, 112, 116, 117, 118, 119, according to Roth's rendering; cf. Benfey's translation, "Orient," 3, 147 ff.

78

"Rigveda," 1, 92; 1, 30; 4, 52; 10, 39, 12.

79

Muir, loc. cit. 5, 193 ff.

80

"Rigveda," 1, 49; 1, 92; 1, 2, 5; 1, 113, 19 in Benfey's rendering, "Orient," 1, 404; 2, 257; 3, 155. The three skilful Ribhus, who are frequently mentioned in the Rigveda, are assistants of the spirits of light. They assist the gods to liberate the cows, which the spirits of the night have fastened in the rock-stable, i. e. the bright clouds.

81

The spirits of light are called sons of Aditi, i. e. of the Eternal, Unlimited, Infinite; seven or eight sons are ascribed to her; Hillebrandt, "Die Göttin Aditi." Originally Aditi meant, in mythology, merely the non-ending, the imperishable, in opposition to the perishable world, and the gods are called the sons of immortality because they cannot die. Darmesteter, "Haurvatat," p. 83.

82

"Rigveda," 1, 50, according to Sonne's translation in Kuhn, "Z. V. Spr." 12, 267 ff.; cf. Benfey's rendering, "Orient," 1, 405.

83

"Rigveda," 1, 35, according to Roth's translation; cf. Benfey, "Orient," 1, 53.

84

"Rigveda," 2, 38, according to Roth's translation, "Z. D. M. G." 1870, 306 ff.

85

Muir, loc. cit. 5, 171 ff. Kaegi, "Rigveda," 2, 43.

86

Kuhn, "Herabkunft des Feuers," s. 66.

87

"Rigveda," 1, 51, 5; 2, 12, 12.

88

"Rigveda," 1, 32, according to Roth's translation; cf. Benfey, "Orient," 1, 46.

89

"Rigveda," 1, 11; 1, 121.

90

Indra is derived by Benfey from syand, "to flow," "to drop," in which case we shall have to refer it to the rain-bringing power of the god. Others have proposed a derivation from idh, indh, "to kindle;" others from indra, "blue." In any case, Andra, the corresponding name in the Rigveda, must not be left out of consideration.

91

Muir, loc. cit. 5, 144.

92

Roth, "Zwei Lieder des Rigveda, Z. D. M. G.," 1870, 301 ff. Muir, loc. cit. 5, 147 ff.

93

"Rigveda," 4, 30; "Samaveda," Benfey, 1, 3, 2, 1. 1, 4, 1, 1.

94

"Samaveda," Benfey, loc. cit.

95

"Rigveda," 3, 59, in Muir, loc. cit. 5, 69.

96

"Rigveda," 1, 115, 1 in Benfey; "Orient," 3, 157; "Rigveda," 6, 51, 2; 7, 61, 1; 7, 63, 4; in Muir, loc. cit. 5, 157.

97

"Atharvaveda," 4, 16, according to M. Müller's translation "Essays," 1, 40, 41. Cf. Roth, "Atharvaveda," 8. 19.

98

"Rigveda," 7, 86, 89, according to Müller's rendering, "Essays," 1, 38, 39; cf. Muir's translation, loc. cit. 5, 63 ff. [who reads "like an inflated skin" for "like a cloud," etc.]

99

Windischmann, "Abh. der Münch. Akademie," 1847, s. 129.

100

"Samaveda," 1, 6, 2, 2; "Rigveda," 1, 2, 2; 1, 5, 5, and elsewhere.

101

"Samaveda," Benfey, 1, 4, 1, 1; 5, 2, 4, 1, 15, and elsewhere.

102

Muir, loc. cit. 5, 98, ff.

103

"Samaveda," Benfey, 1, 3, 2, 4.

104

"Samaveda," 2, 8, 2, 6.

105

"Samaveda," 1, 4, 1, 2; 2, 9, 2, 9.

106

"Samaveda," 1, 6, 2, 1.

107

"Rigveda," 1, 32; "Samaveda," 1, 3, 2, 4.

108

"Rigveda," 5, 31, 10; 1, 63, 2; 2, 20, 8; 1, 54, 8.

109

"Rigveda," 1, 126, 2, 3.

110

"Rigveda," 4, 50, 8, 9. Roth, "Z. D. M. G.," 1, 77. Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 951.

111

M. Müller, "Z. D. M. G.," 9, 16. These bright bodies of the fathers led to the idea that the souls of the fathers had adorned the heaven with stars, and that they were these stars. "Rigveda," 10, 68, 11.

112

"Atharvaveda," 3, 29, 3; in Muir, loc. cit. 5, 310.

113

Muir, loc. cit. 5, 308, 309, 311. In the later portion of the Rigveda, 10, 15, the old conception of the fathers is already changed. Three classes of fathers are distinguished, and burning and non-burning are mentioned side by side.

114

"Aitareya-Brahmana," 2, 17; in Muir, loc. cit. 5, 322.

115

"Rigveda," 10, 18; according to Roth's rendering, "Z. D. M. G.," 8, 468 ff.

116

"Rigveda," 10, 15, 14; in Muir, loc. cit. 5, 297.

117

"Atharvaveda," 18, 2, 37; in Muir, loc. cit. 5, 294.

118

M. Müller, "Die Todtenbestattung der Brahmanen," s. 14 ff.

119

"Rigveda," 9, 113, 7 ff.

120

This follows from the fact that the army of the confederates had to cross the Vipaça and Çatadru in order to reach the Tritsus.

121

In the Rigveda king Sudas is at once a son of Divodasa and a scion of the house of the Pijavanas, possibly because Pijavana was the father or some ancestor of Divodasa. In the Samaveda (2, 5, 1, 5) Divodasa is called the noble. In the book of Manu (7, 41; 8, 110) Sudasa is the son of Pijavana. In the genealogy of the kings of the Koçalas, by whom the Tritsus were destroyed, the Vishnu-Purana mentions in the fiftieth generation after Ikshvaku, the founder of the race, a king Sudasa, the son of Sarvakama, grandson of Rituparna. So also the Harivança, and in the Vishnu-Purana (ed. Wilson, p. 381) Vasishtha is the priest of king Sudas as well as of Nimi, the son of Ikshvaku. On the other hand the Vishnu-Purana (p. 454, 455) is aware of a second Sudas, the grandson of Divodasa, in the race of the moon. Viçvamitra is himself called a Bharata; we shall see below that the Mahabharata connects Viçvamitra with the genealogy of the kings of the Bharata. Cp. Roth, "Zur Literatur," S. 142 ff. [On the names of Indian rivers, see Muir, loc. cit. 2, 345 ff.]

122

Cf. Muir, loc. cit. 12, 339, where the hymn is translated.

123

Roth, "Zur Literatur," S. 87, 91 ff. [Rigveda, 3, 33; 7, 83. Muir, loc. cit. 322, 323.]

124

Manu, 1, 67 ff. [Muir, 1, 43 ff.]

125

Weber, "Jyotisham, Abh. d. Berl. Akad." 1862, s.

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