Fullerene
4) Buckyballs
5) Megatubes
6) Buckyball clusters
7) Nanotubes
8) Polymers
9) Nano onions
a) are a family of carbon allotropes (other allotropes of carbon are graphite and diamond) consisting of molecules composed entirely of carbon atoms arranged in the form of hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes.
b) Cylindrical fullerenes
c) Are cylindrical cylindrical
d) Chain, two-dimensional and three-dimensional polymers are formed under high pressure high temperature conditions
e) Spherical particles based on multiple carbon layers surrounding a buckyball core; proposed for lubricant
f) The smallest member is C 20 (unsaturated version of dodecahedrane) and the most common is C 60
g) Larger in diameter than nanotubes and prepared with walls of different thickness; potentially used for the transport of a variety of molecules of different sizes
h) Hollow tubes of very small dimensions, having single or multiple walls; potential applications in electronics industry
i) The most common fullerene in which each molecule is composed of 60 carbon atoms that together take the shape of a soccer ball
j) Are spherical fullerene
Find the equivalents to the following words in the text and make up sentences with them Completely, identical, prophesy, remind (of), connect, distant, receive, characteristic, decrease
Give explanations for the following words: molecule, artificial production, atmosphere, Nobel prize, atom, science fiction, antibiotics, bacteria.
Put definite or indefinite articles
_ most common fullerene is Buckminsterfullerene, in which each molecule is composed of 60 carbon atoms that together take _ shape of _ soccer ball. It was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, because its shape resembles Fuller's design of _ geodesic dome. By extension, spherical fullerenes are often called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called buckytubes, or, more accurately, carbon nanotubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked sheets of linked hexagonal rings. In _ case of _ fullerene, however, _ presence of pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings prevents its sheets from being planar.
Put the words in brackets into the correct form
Chemists can now (produce) various derivatives of fullerenes. For example, hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, or organic functional groups can (attach) to fullerene molecules. Also, metal ions, noble gas atoms, or small molecules can (trap) in the cage-like structures of fullerene molecules, (produce) complexes that (know) as endohedral fullerenes. If one or more carbon atoms in a fullerene molecule (replace) by metal atoms, the resultant compound (call) a fulleride. Some doped fullerenes (doped with potassium or rubidium atoms, for example) (be) superconductors at relatively high temperatures.
LESSON 6
Active vocabulary
Ubiquitous – вездесущий; повсеместный
unprecedented – беспрецедентный, беспримерный, небывалый
retrospective – относящийся к прошлому; касающийся прошедшего
alloy – сплав
integral – существенный, неотъемлемый; полный, целый
fiber optic – волоконно-оптический
interdisciplinary – междисциплинарный
chemistry – химия
century- век
condense – уплотнять, сгущать; уменьшать объём, сжимать
behavior – поведение
forefront – передовая
influence – влияние
implant – внедрять
demand – требование
breakthrough – открытие
solutions – решение
degradation – ухудшение
replacement – замена
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the study of different types of materials and the applications of knowledge about these materials to various areas of science and engineering. It combines elements of applied physics and , as well as , , and engineering. Materials science and materials engineering are often combined into a larger field of study.
Materials used in early human history included , , and clay-based . The past century has witnessed a surge in the development of new materials, including , advanced ceramics, , , liquid crystals, Bose-Einstein condensates, and nanoscale substances, with a wide range of applications. Furthermore, materials science has grown to include testing these more exotic forms of condensed matter and developing new physics theories to explain their behavior. Consequently, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many academic institutions and research facilities.
Materials research at the basic level can lead to unprecedented influence on society. For example, semiconductor materials, which are ubiquitous in cars, telephones, computers, clocks, kitchen appliances, children’s toys, satellites, telescopes, and more, were a product of materials science research – into the electronic properties of the element germanium. Further research led to the replacement of germanium with the less costly silicon and to diverse approaches to modifying silicon’s properties by implanting other elements, such as phosphorous or boron, into the silicon matrix. Since their discovery in 1947, semiconductors have been steadily improved through materials science research driven by ever-increasing performance demands from the computer industry.
Materials science is one of the oldest forms of applied science and engineering. In the history
