would be problematic for businesses because it would enable managers to easily manipulate earnings. Further, most business assets are not valued by the market directly.
Whereas the single most important number in corporate accounting is net income, probably the most important number in individual statements is net worth. However, net worth is commonly overstated for individuals who own appreciated assets or tax-deferred assets (individual retirement accounts [IRAs], for example). The solution to this problem, employed by the American Institute of CPAs (AICPA), is to reduce net worth by taxes that would be paid if all investments were shown after tax. The AICPA calls this amount the estimated income tax on unrealized appreciation, but we could simply call it a tax reserve.
It is important to remember that the sole purpose of planner-prepared statements is a better understanding of a client’s financial position.
IN CLASS
**Appropriate for both on-campus and distance courses.
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE CAPABILITIES
Entry-Level: An entry-level personal financial planner can prepare and evaluate financial statements for a family.
Competent: A competent personal financial planner can compute growth in earnings and net worth to determine if the client is making good progress toward stated goals.
Expert: An expert personal financial planner can evaluate a firm’s financial condition given its 10-K and 10-Q reports and determine for whom, if anyone, it would make a good investment.
IN PRACTICE
After establishing the client–planner relationship, Patricia Planner starts into the data-gathering phase of planning. She has asked a client couple to bring in a list of assets, debts, and cash flow items. The clients provided the following list:
Patricia now sets out to create and evaluate a statement of financial position and a cash flow statement. The first step would be to separate assets, liabilities, cash inflows, and cash outflows. The second step would be to categorize assets into safe, investment, or use assets, and to categorize expenses into taxes, fixed, or variable, or by use categories (auto, home, etc.). After creating the statements, Patricia could evaluate the financial condition of the clients by computing ratios and comparing them with norms, by evaluating the changes in net worth, and by observing the clients’ financial condition relative to their situation. This leads to observing a series of strengths and weaknesses regarding their current situation. Although practice standards do not permit giving advice until Patricia’s analysis is complete, she can see some obvious recommendations right away. She might begin with the evaluation of the investment assets relative to the clients’ income, ages, and goals. Are the investments diversified? Do they provide inflation protection? Does the income statement indicate past savings or the potential for savings?
For example, Patricia might use the financial statements to explain to her clients that using the $10,00 °CD, which is earning 1 percent per annum, to pay off most of the credit card balance on which they are being charged 12.8 percent per annum, would result in no change in net worth, while it would improve annual cash flow by $1,180.
NOTES
Visit www.wiley.com/go/wileycfpboard2e to access nearly 400 practice questions. Your access code is at the back of this book. CFP® professionals in the United States can also choose to obtain the full 28 credit hours by taking and passing the test.
CHAPTER 8
Cash Flow Management
CONNECTIONS DIAGRAM
Cash flow management is a fundamental aspect of financial planning. Therefore, cash flow management connects to all areas of financial planning. The construction of financial statements provides a foundation for identifying opportunities and challenges related to a client’s cash inflows and outflows. The financial planner can use this information to help clients develop a plan for reaching long-term financial goals such as planning for education, special circumstances, and retirement. Financing strategies may be utilized to aid the client in reaching goals such as buying a home. Cash inflows and outflows play an important role in determining whether obtaining new debt is the best alternative, including the debt level. Time value of money (TVM) is an important financial planning concept and includes calculations needed to assist with financial goal planning. TVM can be used by the financial planner to help a client compare alternatives among investments, loans, mortgages, leases, savings, and annuities. The financial planner should communicate recommendations to assist clients in meeting their current financial needs and long-term financial goals, including the need for liquid assets and emergency funds, as well as recommending strategies for accumulating the appropriate levels of funds. The financial planner must adhere to ethical standards of professional conduct and fiduciary responsibility.
INTRODUCTION
Cash flow management is an essential component of financial planning. Cash flow management involves understanding the components that make up where the client’s money comes from, where it goes, and what choices are appropriate in meeting the client’s needs and goals. It is critical that financial planners understand cash flow management to be able to make recommendations to clients to assist them in meeting their current needs and long-term financial goals. The overall goal of cash flow management is to efficiently meet current consumption needs while maximizing capital for additional financial management activities needed to reach clients’ objectives.
The primary components of cash flow management include income, fixed expenses, variable expenses, and savings contributions. Income earned by the client may include salary, interest, dividend, pension, business income, and alimony received. Examples of fixed expenses include mortgage payments, automobile payments, student loan payments, property taxes, insurance premiums, and federal and state income tax withholdings. Variable expenses are more discretionary than fixed expenses over the short term, and include items such as entertainment expenses and vacation expenses.
The statement of income and expenses is a financial statement that represents all of the client’s income, including both earned and expected income, less all expenses incurred during the specified time period. This statement is typically prepared on an annual basis but can be prepared for a monthly or quarterly period of time. Additionally, the statement of income and expenses does not include non-recurring transactions such as the sale of stock or an employer’s contribution to a retirement plan. Understanding a client’s cash flow can provide valuable information in understanding a client’s financial priorities by providing a snapshot of the client’s financial situation. The statement of income and expenses should be viewed with the balance sheet to provide the financial planner with a more accurate picture of a client’s financial situation.
The financial planner should identify opportunities and challenges related to a client’s cash inflows and outflows. For example, having a positive cash flow will afford the client options to save for long-term goals such as education and retirement. Conversely, a negative cash flow may lead the client to having excess debt and additional costs due to interest. The financial planner should calculate the amount of savings required to meet the client’s financial goals
