certain whether Gaius Julius participated in suppressing the uprising of Spartacus; according to some reports, he, a military tribune (one of six in the legion, ruling for two months), prepared recruits. 63 BC. – thanks to connections, popularity and money, young Caesar becomes a great pontiff. 60 BC. – the creation of a triumvirate («union of three husbands»); Pompeii-Crassus-Caesar. 58 BC. – the beginning of the Gali war; it kills about a million Gauls (including civilians). 49 BC. – the beginning of the civil war in ancient Rome; Caesar and ambition, against Pompey and the corrupt Republic. 45 BC. – Battle of Mund (Spain), the hardest of all, conducted by Caesar. The 30,000 rebellious Pompeians are killed, the dictator for the first time in history holds a triumph after the victory of the Romans over the Romans. In the same year on coins for the first time appears the image of a living person – of course, Caesar.
44 BC. – Guia Julia is murdered by conspirators, led by Mark Brutus (possibly the illegitimate son of the dictator), the body burns the people – at the stake from their own mourning clothes, judges’ chairs, benches, etc., after which the Civil War in a bloodless country flares up with renewed vigor.
2a. Guy Julius Caesar, the only authentic, lifetime sculpture, quite different from the generally accepted images of a relatively young Caesar (2).
3. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus, the adopted son of Caesar, his successor, who finally won the Civil War, the first virtual Roman emperor.4. Guy Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula), 12—41 gg. AD, the second emperor, by definition of Lucius Seneca «boundless depravity combined with unlimited power.» Eight months after the ascension to the throne, the initially peaceful Caligula becomes ill, perhaps encephalitis, having recovered, she becomes an insane dictator. Favorite expression – «Let them hate, if only they should be afraid» – Oderint, dum metuant (observer, doom mit (y) guy). In 41, the conspirators surround the emperor in one of the underground passages from the theater to the baths. The last thing that Caligula hears – the formula used in the sacrifice – hoc age – «Do this» (ok aje) – after that gets a sword in the chest from his bodyguard.
Together with Caesar, Praetorians kill his wife and two-year-old daughter.
5. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, 37—68, the Roman emperor, the last of the Julius-Claudian dynasty, the persecutor of Christians, nicknamed them «Antichrist.»
6. Flavius Aetius, commander of the Western Roman Empire, 390—454, according to historians-contemporaries «The Last (Great) Roman». The winner of Atilla in a two-day battle at the Cataluun Fields, in 451 (180,000 killed on both sides). Three years later, the Emperor Valentinian the Third, fearing the ambitions of his best diplomat and commander (he wants to extradite his daughter for the son of the ruler), kills Aetius right in the palace, at the audience. A year later, Rome, the former great capital, is captured and robbed by vandals (Vends). Twenty years later, the entire Western Roman Empire is fragmented into a number of barbarian kingdoms.
7. Roman legion (legionis – military collection) of the heyday of the Empire. Modern reconstruction. The army consists of 5—7 thousand, later about 4,5 thousand infantry and auxiliary units. Heavy cavalry (equities) – 300 people, divided into divisions (turmas) for 30 people. Archers – 200 people; They act from the flanks, releasing arrows along the line of raised shields. Great – from the lat. velox – «fast» – several hundred fighters – irregular infantry, usually recruited from local allied tribes, or the youngest legionaries. Armament is a round shield, with a diameter of 90 cm, a «Parma», a helmet, several darters of the «Gasta velitaris», a length (with an iron tip of 30 cm) 120 cm and a short (50 cm.) Roman sword – «gladius». The highest glamor of a daring warrior is a wolf’s hide over his helmet. The main defense against arrows, and other weapons – their own agility. In a free, open formation, evading enemy jets with jumps, they are ordered to throw their spears into the formation of the enemy and quickly retreat for the ranks of the heavily armed infantry.
The first line, in fact, built for the battle of the legion – hastati (Roman hastati, spearmen), soldiers aged 20—25 years, who so need combat experience. Arms – chain mail, or, in the era of the Empire – plate armor, rectangular shield scoot, sword of gladia, dagger pugio, two two-meter dart – piluma.
The second line is principles, (Latin princeps – the first). Warriors in the prime of life, 25—35, sometimes 40 years. Giving the young men the opportunity to gain experience, they let the gastata into the intervals between maniples and continue the battle to the victorious end.
On the third line there are triarius (triarius, lat. «Third») soldiers of 40—45 years old, veterans, the main reserve of the legion. Their main armament is long percussion javelins.
The army is governed by six tribunes (people’s representatives) and, as a rule, a representative of the tribal aristocracy – the legate.
The Legion in the Republic epoch consists of 30 manipuli («handful» or «hand»), two centurions (centum – one hundred) in each. Despite the name, the century has 60 to 120 people. Manipuls are combined into ten cohorts (Latin cohors, «fenced place») for 360 people. One of the cohorts (First) is considered praetorian, elite, has a doubled composition.
During the time of the Empire, the manipulation of the tactical unit disappears, leaving a cohort of 6 centurions.
Turned out of the marching legion follows the battlefield with a complex system – manipuli or centurions, staggered. So it’s easier to move around on rough terrain. Then squares composed of fighters are converted into three lines. «Brothers» toss the pilus, sometimes turning the enemy to flee this one with a dagger volley, close shields and draw swords…
8. Classic armor of the Roman legionary of the era of the heyday of the Empire «Segment of the Segment». The picture is redrawn from the illustration of the book of the Italian historian Peter Konolli, a professional artist, for the author’s article in the children’s magazine «Lefty».
9.10. Contours of details, fastenings and decorative elements, made on own reconstruction «Segmental Segments». The size of the cage in the figure of armor of 15 mm., Decorative elements and fasteners (including the belt «balteus» not shown here) is 4 mm. Shoulder plates are fastened with folding hinges with figured overlays. The parts are jointed by screws 3 mm, and, after fitting – with rivets.
1 – a strap for the front strap, 2 – a circle for the decorative element (8), 3,4 – straps for the fastening straps, 5 – the arrow for the apron (4), 6 – the apron badge (40), 7 – the lower badge of the apron (4), 8 – plates that cover the belt of the belt (12), 9 – fastenings on the plates 14 and 15, at an angle (6), 10 – elements of the joints of the shoulder and waist parts of the armor: wire hooks on top of them, 11 – fasteners on the plates 16 and 17, and below, except for the lower two rows (16), 12 – skipping, illustrator error, 13 – looping (16), 14 – front loop for the hook of the waist part of the armor (2), back hook loop (4).
Inca, Maya, Aztecs
The names of these peoples, the locations of their states are often confused. Historians, despite their neighborhood, believe that they developed completely independently.
The Incas. The state is Tawantisuyu. The west coast of South America, starting from the northern territories of modern Chile up. One thousand two hundred years BC. – the first ruler of Manko Kapaka, the latter, who led the revolt against the Spaniards – Tupac Omar (1570—1572). The Inca banner was like a rainbow. There is no monetary system, the benefits are distributed
