for it was better to be a vassal to someone stronger but preserve your wealth, than to risk losing everything and simply be hanged. Either hang your opponents with the help of the elite of other countries, or be hanged.
With the increase in the population size despite the limitation of land in the Middle Ages, an historically tested mechanism was worked out for preventing protests by strong, capable, warlike individuals. It included:
– Periodic organization of campaigns (approximately one Crusade per generation, but not less than one expedition in three generations) by such people for long distances to seize land, property, and valuables. Loyalty was thus assured of these people to the rulers of the countries where they were born and lived, along with loyalty to the church.
– Directing the aggressiveness of these people against neighboring countries, within Europe and to the extent possible, beyond the bounds of Europe. This heated up the wars within Europe, but ground down the aggressiveness of such people through their self-destruction or through satisfying their need for power or wealth by capturing these from neighboring states.
– The destruction of the paramilitary groups that no longer submitted to secular authorities and could no longer live off wars with neighboring countries. Members of these groups looked with lust upon the wealth of the kings and aristocrats of the country where they were situated, and at neighboring states. Therefore not only the execution of the Knights Templar, but also wars with its members became socially and psychologically accepted. This unified the elite of different states in the struggle with potential adversaries of their sovereignty. Thus, Poland smashed and subordinated the Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen-year War (1454-1466). The process, begun by the French King Philip the Fair at the end of the thirteenth century, was completed. Thirty years of war! Victory was only achieved with the change in the generations of the warring sides.
– Suppression of dissent by mass executions, and through the work of the Inquisition. The year 1022 saw the first mass execution of heretics in Orleans, and in 1165, the Cathar heresy was suppressed. Bogomil Vasilii was burned at the stake in 1111. In 1233, an inquisition was created to fight heresy in Languedoc. That is, together with the organization of the Crusades, the rebellious activity of potential enemies of the existing elite in certain countries was suppressed. But the struggle against heresy began with particular barbarity after the depletion of ability of the Crusades to lower the level of social unrest and before the shift of the activity of the strongest and most active individuals to conquering America, to trade with distant countries, with possibility of economic and social advance of the strong and capable under capitalism. Jan Hus was burned at the stake in 1415, and Joan of Arc was immolated in 1431. Witchcraft trials occurred in 1442. The Spanish Inquisition began active persecutions in 1481.
– Rapid unification of countries and consolidation of the elites into a single, more powerful state against protest-inclined people began. Hence in France the period of feudal disunity came to an end under the rule of Louis XI (1461-1483). During the Burgundian Wars, Burgundy united with France. Spain was unified (1469) bloodlessly, through matrimonial alliances. In this period the Habsburg dynasty led the unification of Austria, Germany, Bohemia, and Hungary (1438, Albrecht V). The elite quickly found ways to unify themselves in the face of the danger of revolts and its overthrow..
During a period of development of capitalism and relative democracy, satisfaction of the ambitions of the strong and venturesome began to occur more thanks to the natural rivalry between people. Strong and capable people naturally occupied the highest economic and social positions in the society. The social structure came into congruence with the social-psychological one.
History teaches us that if the government and the elite cannot attain a social order that would bring the social and sociopsychological structure of the society into harmony (stronger, smarter, more capable individuals occupy higher places in the social hierarchy), they are swept away and replaced by others. There’s no other choice.
Either mass executions and mass repression with obligatory excommunication of the strongest, most ambitious of their immediate social environment were needed, or else the social environment will react to those signs of power that provide evidence of who the actual leader is. This is an innate system of reactions and reflexes. It is analogous to similar reflexes in a herd of animals that acknowledge the right to leadership of the strongest. This reflex cannot be reformed. It is either necessary to step forth and hand over part of the power to the stronger and more capable, the more assertive, or else be dethroned.
After the privatization of the 1990s, in the absence of an effective mechanism of accumulation that naturally would reconcile, in a period of capitalism, the social and sociopsychological structure of the society with the replenishment of the elite by around at least 1% per year, measures are desperately needed for creating social elevators, for creating the means of elevating stronger and more capable individuals through their natural escalation on the social ladder.
Importantly, in history such means were connected to the separation of strong, active individuals capable of warlike actions from the milieu they inhabited – sending them to war in other countries (while preserving the values of that culture that they offered) engaging them in active, creative, commercial or military activity at long distances, etc. Thus, now such measures might be those at governmental scale such as conquering the North, constructing roads, massive involvement in developing water resources or facilities of utmost government importance, service in the army ( and giving those who served a land allotment or cottage in a place where the government deems necessary), participation in construction works far from one’s hometown, etc. The facilities built can and must be secured for the best of those who participated in the construction works. It is just those people who administer property, especially that created by their own labor, who are most active in social, sociopsychological and military affairs. History attests to this. Having a large number of people in the society’s structure who are situated at levels that are lower than their sociopsychological features, their strength of personality, and their aptitudes, is potentially explosive.
But the number of such people grows cumulatively, gradually, unnoticeably. At first the explosive nature of such a situation may simply not be seen. But then the measures performed by the government to maintain order start to falter. It seems like only yesterday they were effective, but today they lead to contrary, negative results. The number of emotionally negatively inclined people in the society has crossed the critical line and these protests begin to be seen tangibly.
In a period when resonators are dominant, such protest moods are diffused, and people’s energy is directed toward self-affirmation in business. In a period of transfer of leadership to postresonators, these moods begin to accumulate little by little, cumulatively, unnoticeably. In a period of transfer of social initiative to post-postresonators, the accumulation of social emotions begins to coincide with their active external manifestation – with strikes, walkouts or armed uprisings.
When the rate of GNP growth is declining, in periods of downward mobility of not only the large number of unemployed, but also strong, capable and distinguished individuals who are able to unite in protest, it is no longer possible to restrain the society within accepted social boundaries and norms without targeted work with such people.
In this regard, the experience of the Middle Ages is instructive. Why? At that time, competition between specific individuals had not yet led to a natural attainment of balance between the social and social-psychological structures of the society, as this began to happen in capitalist society at the moment of its origin. But today the competition between individual people no longer allows the strong and capable to occupy higher places in the social structure. Still such competition remains and will remain for a long time, if not forever, an important factor in the struggle between individual corporations, groups of people, social strata, and between indivduals where it is effective and can differentiate them according to their abilities.
The causes for the decline in the role
