those about to enter the Morannon: ‘They have black eyes and long black hair, and gold rings in their ears …. And some have red paint on their cheeks’ (bk. IV, ch. 3). The fallen Southron seen by Sam had ‘black plaits braided with gold’, and his ‘brown hand still clutched the hilt of a broken sword’ (bk. IV, ch. 4). In the Battle of the Pelennor Fields the Southron chieftain wields a scimitar, which suggests a Saracen or Turk; and ‘out of Far Harad’ came ‘black men like half-trolls with white eyes and red tongues’ (bk. V, ch. 6). Since they come from the far South, these may be intended to suggest Africans, but as Virginia Luling points out, since Sauron’s armies were recruited mainly from the South and East it was natural that Tolkien should draw ‘on inherited images of “paynims” and other enemies’ (‘An Anthropologist in Middle-earth’, pp. 56–7), and it is only because they fight for Sauron that they are seen as enemies.
There are some examples of prejudice among Elves in The Silmarillion, but it always seems to suggest a character defect. The sons of Fëanor in their pride look down on the Elves who had remained in Middle-earth; Caranthir says to Angrod, in response to a message from Thingol, ‘Let not the sons of Finarfin run hither and thither with their tales to this Dark Elf in his caves!’ (The Silmarillion, p. 112); and later Curufin calls Eöl ‘Dark Elf’, and tells him that ‘those who steal the daughters of the Noldor and wed them without gift or leave do not gain kinship with their kin’ (pp. 135–6). When Thingol learns of the slaying of his kin at Alqualondë by some of the Noldor, he bans the use of the Noldorin tongue in his realm (*Languages, Invented).
Even within the small area of the Shire, there are prejudices among the Hobbits. Christina Scull wrote in ‘Open Minds, Closed Minds in The Lord of the Rings’, in Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference 1992, ed. Patricia Reynolds and Glen H. GoodKnight (1995): ‘The Hobbits were … doubtful about other Hobbits, not those of a different breed, but also those who lived in a different part of the Shire. In this Tolkien probably intended to reflect the attitudes of the inhabitants of the English countryside in the days before travel was common, when areas beyond the next village or market town were considered “foreign” and the people “different”’ (p. 151). While the Hobbits in the Ivy Bush
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