style="font-size:15px;"> And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it his brethren, and said, Behold, I have dreamed a dream more; and, behold, the sun and the moon and the eleven stars made obeisance to me. And he told it to his father, and to his brethren: and his father rebuked him, and said unto him, What is this dream that thou hast dreamed? Shall I and thy mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down ourselves to thee to the earth? (Gen 37:9—10).
Generally, the symbolism of the Sun and the Moon in the twelfth chapter of the Apocalypse is understood as representing Jesus Christ and his mother, the Virgin Mary.
In the liturgical service, Christ is referred to as the Red Sun of Righteousness. This imagery goes back to the prophecy about the new world, in which the light of the Sun will be replaced by the glory of God:
The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness shall the moon give light unto thee: but the LORD shall be unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. Thy sun shall no more go down; neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for the LORD shall be thine everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended (Is 60:19—20).
And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof. And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honour into it (Rev 21:23—24).
And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength (Rev 1:16).
Besides, there are particular interpretations of these symbols. In relation to the Eastern Roman Orthodox Church, the Sun and the Moon represent St. Constantine and his mother St. Helena. In relation to the Russian Orthodox Church, they stand for St. Vladimir the Red Sun and St. Olga.
At the end of the 10th century, the Grand Prince Vladimir decided to marry a Byzantine princess with a view to strengthening his foreign relations. The Emperor demanded that Vladimir be baptized according to the Orthodox rite. At that time Russia was a pagan state, but Christianity among Russians was not rare. Princess Olga, Vladimir’s grandmother, was a Christian. In light of all this, Vladimir was seriously considering Christianity. In 988, he got baptized and then led to Baptism those who were close to him. Soon, common Russian people began to be baptized as well, and after a while, Russia became an Orthodox Christian state.
In 1453, Byzantium was captured by the army of Sultan Mehmed II, and the Ottoman hordes broke into Constantinople. The Grand Principality of Moscow (Russia) remained the only guardian of the Orthodox faith. From that point on, the concept of “Moscow as the Third Rome” began to take shape and was first mentioned in writing in the preface to the “Paschal Canon” by Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia Zosima as well as in the messages of Filofei, the elder of Pskov Spaso-Yelizarov Monastery.
Elder Filofei, to the Grand Prince of Moscow Vasily III Ivanovich (1479—1533):
He who is from the highest and from the almighty hand of God upholding the universe, by which the kings reign, and the great are glorified, and the mighty proclaim your righteousness, the most gracious and most Sovereign Ruler and Grand Prince, the Orthodox Christian Tsar and lord over all, holding the reins of God’s holy thrones of the Holy, Universal, Orthodox, and Apostolic Church of the Most Holy Mother of God, of the honorable and glorious Dormition, who shone forth with glory in place of the Roman and Constantinople sovereigns, for the old Roman church fell through the unbelief of Apollinarian heresy. As to the Second Rome, Constantinople, the doors of the Church were cut down there with axes by the grandchildren of Hagarians (compare Ps 74:6—7 [Ps 73:6—7 rus]), and now the Holy Orthodox Apostolic Church, which is the Third, the New Rome in your sovereign kingdom, shines forth like unto the sun in all parts of the universe under the sky as the Orthodox Christian faith. So, most powerful and godly Tsar, know that all the Orthodox kingdoms of the Christian faith have converged into your unified kingdom: you alone under heaven are the king of Christians… Do not trespass, o Tsar, against the covenant of your ancestors – the great Constantine, and blessed saint Vladimir, and the great God-chosen Yaroslav, and other blessed saints, who sprang out of the same root as you… Hold and harken unto this, o ye pious King, that all the Christian kingdoms have converged into one, which is yours, and that the two Romes fell, and the third one stands, and the fourth one will never be. And your Christian kingdom will not be replaced by another, according to the word of the great [John] the Theologian…
In due course, the Greek Church also supported the renaming of the Russian state into the Third Rome as follows particularly from a letter of Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremiah II Tranos (died 1595) to Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1561—1582):
Verily, oh pious king, the Holy Spirit abides in you, and with God’s help such a thought will be put into action by you, for Ancient Rome fell through the Apollinarian heresy, and the second one, Constantinople, has been captured by the grandchildren of the Hagarians, the godless Turks: but your great Russian kingdom, the Third Rome, surpassed all others in piety, and all the God-honoring kingdoms have gathered in your kingdom, and you alone under heaven are hailed as Christian king by all the universe and by all Christians.
Chapter 2:3 Armageddon: The One who holds it back
The Church has been persecuted by the Red Dragon, Satan, from its inception. However, up until a certain time, he is held back; the Lord does not allow too much evil to happen, but…
…the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth [Katechon] will let, until he be taken out of the way (2 Thess 2:7).
Katechon or The One who is holding back (2 Thess 2:7) refers to Michael the Archangel who is protecting the earth from evil spirits, demons.
With regard to the war between angels and demons unfolding in the air, there is a prophecy of Daniel, to whom the angel said:
Fear not, Daniel: for from the first day that thou didst set thine heart to understand, and to chasten thyself before thy God, thy words were heard, and I am come for thy words. But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days: but, lo, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me; and I remained there with the kings of Persia. Now I am come to make thee understand what shall befall thy people in the latter days: for yet the vision is for many days (Dan 10:12—14).
Knowest thou wherefore I come unto thee? and now will I return to fight with the prince of Persia: and when I am gone forth, lo, the prince of Grecia shall come. But I will shew thee that which is noted in the scripture of truth: and there is none that holdeth with me in these things, but Michael your prince (Dan 10:20—21).
After the establishment of the Christian monarchy, the Orthodox Christian monarch was assigned the status of the earthly incarnation of the “one who holds back”. About the same time, the belief in the coming of the Antichrist after the fall the Roman Empire became widespread.
St. John Chrysostom:
When the Roman state falls, he [the Antichrist] will come. And it makes perfect sense. As long as people fear the Roman state, no one will be quick to bow down before the Antichrist; but after its collapse, anarchy will ensue, and the Antichrist will seize all power – both human and divine.
Saint Cyril, Archbishop of Jerusalem:
The predicted coming of the Antichrist
