Seventh Army in Sicily the previous July, took the beach at Salerno in September and landed at Anzio in January 1944. Although Sedloff went into the line with the 45th as it fought its way north to Rome, Weiss discovered he was still near Anzio in a field hospital. A nurse there told Weiss that Sedloff had taken part in two battles, but he had been incapable of fighting due to ‘night blindness’. His wounds were not physical. Weiss did not understand. The nurse explained that he had ‘battle fatigue’, a term Weiss heard for the first time. In his father’s war in 1918, they called it ‘shell shock’. Army psychiatrists had begun using the term ‘psychoneurosis’, while the British preferred ‘battle exhaustion’ with its implication that rest could cure it. The nurse whispered to Weiss, ‘No one is immune.’ Weiss was unaware that, by this stage of the war, a quarter of all combat casualties were psychiatric.
Deciding that Sedloff’s trauma made him a risk to a combat unit, medical staff recommended him for rear echelon duty. This was a discreet and humane way to retain the services of men rendered unfit for combat. One battalion officer, after relieving a veteran from further frontline duty, explained, ‘It is my opinion, through observation, that he has reached the end of endurance as a combat soldier. Therefore, in recognition of a job well done I recommend that this soldier be released from combat duty and be reclassified in another capacity.’ Weiss, who guessed that Hal Sedloff cracked because he still missed his wife and daughter, left the hospital without being allowed to see his friend.
‘I thought Hal, at twenty-eight, was someone to depend on, because of his age and experience,’ Weiss wrote. ‘I was chilled by the prospect of carrying on, alone, without the support of and belief in some kind of father figure.’
Weiss’s initiation into the war zone had been a beach stockade filled with men who ran from battle and an older friend comatose with fear. Neither increased his confidence in himself or the army. Aged 18 without someone to trust, he questioned his capacity to measure up under fire. A study of American combatants had found that 36 per cent of men facing battle for the first time were more afraid of ‘being a coward’ than of being wounded. Weiss needed an experienced commander to show the way, but officers and non-commissioned officers did not survive much longer on the line than enlisted men. Many were replacements themselves, without time to become acquainted with soldiers under their command. The replacement system, as the army was beginning to realize, undermined morale. Weiss did not know that, not yet.
The system in earlier conflicts withdrew whole regiments or divisions from battle to absorb replacements during re-training. This permitted new soldiers to know their officers and their squad-mates. General George C. Marshall, the US Army Chief of Staff, had initiated a policy of replacing individual soldiers within each division without pulling them back from the front. Marshall explained, ‘In past wars it had been the accepted practice to organize as many divisions as manpower resources would permit, fight those divisions until casualties had reduced them to bare skeletons, then withdraw them from the line and rebuild them in a rear area … The system we adopted for this war involved a flow of individual replacements from training centers to the divisions so they would be constantly at full strength.’ The First World War’s 30,000-man divisions had been cut in half for the Second, and divisional losses in combat left many with a majority of troops who did not know one another. Marshall concluded, ‘If his [an army commander’s] divisions are fewer in number but maintained at full strength, the power for attack continues while the logistical problems are greatly simplified.’ Logistics were simpler, but group loyalty evaporated.
In the evening after Weiss’s attempt to visit Hal Sedloff, Luftwaffe planes breached the Anzio defences and bombed the beachhead. Steve Weiss watched five German HE-111 medium bombers soar only 500 feet above him. Ground fire, he wrote, was ‘erratic, no spirited defense here’. Why weren’t the anti-aircraft batteries doing their job? The planes hit several targets, including an American ammunition depot, and flew away untouched. Weiss felt that American soldiers were unsafe everywhere, even on a beachhead that had been established four months before. How much worse would it be in the hills where the 36th Division was face to face with the Germans? Ordnance from the ammo dump exploded and burned all night, its unnatural light reminding Weiss of the war his father never told him about.
They enlisted in a condition almost like drunkenness and some woke up to find themselves under arms and with a headache.
Psychology for the Fighting Man, p. 306
A CACOPHONY OF TIN WHISTLES and shouts from the prison yard woke SUS John Bain from the refuge of sleep. His eyes adjusted gradually to dawn trickling through three small windows set high in the wall opposite his cell door. On this first morning at the Mustafa Barracks, he experienced a double awakening: to the curses and groans of his eight fellow prisoners and to ‘a drench of pure horror as the full knowledge of his circumstances drove like a bayonet to the gut’. Sight and sound disturbed him less than the smell of ‘unclean bodies and bodies’ waste, the reek of disgrace and captivity’.
Staff Sergeant Pickering unbolted the door. The nine prisoners snapped to attention, grasping their ‘chocolate pots’. Pickering ordered them to the latrines to ‘slop out’ the pots, back to the cell to fetch their wash bags and double-time outside again. Pressing their faces to a wall, they waited for Pickering to bring a tray of razors. The used blades were so blunt that Bain cut his cheek. A staff sergeant whom Bain had not seen the day before relieved Pickering: ‘The NCO advancing towards them across the square was short, not a great deal over five and a half feet, but he looked powerful, his shoulders wide and the exposed forearms thick and muscular. He had a neat dark moustache and his eyes were small and very bright, like berries.’ He was Staff Sergeant Brown.
Under the barking of Brown’s commands, the SUSs marched, double-time, to the storehouse for buckets and brushes. For an hour on hands and knees, they scrubbed the barrack square. With that completed, they carried their mess tins to the cookhouse. Kitchen workers filled half of each tin with congealed porridge and bread, the other half with tea. The SUSs rushed back to their cell, inevitably spilling tea, to eat. Next came Physical Training, which veteran inmates called Physical Torture.
Under a cloudless African sky, Staff Sergeant Henderson directed standard military calisthenics: jumps, bends, push-ups and sit-ups. Wearing full combat uniform, including heavy boots, in heat over 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the men tired more rapidly than during the toughest training in Britain.
Sweat flowed within seconds. In minutes, the men were winded. When one collapsed onto the sand, Henderson kicked his ribs to get him back up. The men were ‘gasping for air like stranded fish and trying desperately and ineffectually to press their bodies clear of the ground’. Then, along with another two hundred or so inmates in the square, they halted.
Into the sandy square sauntered Regimental Sergeant Major Grant. Dressed more smartly than the already punctilious staff sergeants, he wore a tailored uniform with a hat and Sam Browne belt normally reserved for officers. A leather band with a shiny RSM insignia was tied around one wrist. Bain saw in Grant’s face ‘the bitter, clenched and potentially vicious expression that seemed to be part of the uniform of the corps’. His apparent lack of physical strength lent him ‘a powerful sense of menace’. RSM Grant strolled among the ranks without a word, reeking disdain.
‘You will march at the double,’ Grant instructed the six new arrivals. ‘I give the commands mark time, then halt and then right-turn. You will then be facing Captain Babbage.’ Babbage was camp commandant. ‘He’ll have your documents in front of him. He’ll read out your sentences, which you already know. Then he’ll read out the official rules and regulations of Number Fifty-Five Military Prison and Detention Barracks. He’ll ask if you’ve got anything to say. My advice is to keep your mouths shut.’
Bain, a meticulous observer,
