and a generous teacher. As soon as they were old enough he taught his sons the art of setting traps and snares and hunting with dogs and ferrets, and from the age of ten or so the boys spent much of their spare time snaring rabbits and netting birds on the riverine marshes at Rainham, Wennington, Hornchurch and Aveley, or fishing for perch in Rainham Creek. It was illegal but the marshes were never much of a target for the law. Thomas and Len grew up with a poacher’s contempt for authority and a sense too that a world of plenty existed outside the confines of their current circumstance and they had a right to go out and get their share.
They were desperately poor. In 1914 an agricultural labourer’s pay of thirteen shillings a week was not enough to buy food for a large family, and when the weather was bad Jim took home as little as half that sum. They were always insecure. If a labouring man got caught under the thresher and smashed his leg, or the crop failed or the farmer bought a tractor, the labourer’s family would be turned out of its tied cottage and left to fend for itself.
In 1914 the Agricultural and Rural Workers Union began organising strikes all over East Anglia, calling for a stable wage and more security of employ. The strikes went on for months and became bitter. Disgruntled labourers began burning fields and cutting cattle loose. George Lansbury, the socialist MP for Poplar, travelled to Essex in the hope of encouraging the strikers to carry on, but these were tiny, rural communities and the strikes split them down the middle. It was then that Jim Page finally made up his mind to leave. However much he loved the country, life there had become too hard and he was in no doubt that the tractor and threshing machine, the new American grain ships he’d heard talk of and the growth of trade from the colonies were going to make it harder for labourers like himself. He decided to pack up the family and put them on the train to London. It was only thirty miles to the west but it might as well have been thirty thousand.
In my family, East is where you start out and West is where you hope to end your days. For us, East has never been the east of the sunrise, of Eden or of new beginnings. East is nowhere glamorous or elemental or softly perfumed. The East we know is the east of the Anglian Marshes and the east of the East End of London. East is grimy city terraces in fog-plagued streets. East is biting winds and soggy ground and a dying livelihood.
A wagon pulled by a Percheron takes the Page family from their flinty home in Green Lane to the train station at Upminster. Their few things – a couple of blankets, sheets, a rabbit fur cover and the bits and bobs of Emily’s trousseau – are slung in the back between hay bales. As they round Cabbage Corner, Jim inspects the familiar, loved terrain, his face dimming with tears, while Emily smiles ahead and the children play catch-what-can in the back. At the station they unpack the bags, pat the Percheron goodbye and stand on the platform watching the empty space along the track until, finally, when their eyes are growing sore from looking, the first intimations of smoke come into view, followed by the maroon carriages and the great green-panelled engine of the train itself.
Oh look Da, says Len Page, only eleven then, and curious. It’s got ‘Upminster’ painted on the side. That’s the name of the train, ain’t it?
Machines ain’t given names. Jim shakes his head at his son’s foolishness. Only livin’ things are given names. So that can’t be the name thar, see? That’s only where it’s from.
Then the cloud of smoke rises, obscuring, for an instant, the family standing on the platform edge, and they heave their bags into the carriage and take their places on the hard wooden seats and the train begins to haul itself slowly westwards towards Upminster and Romford and on to London. From the seat beside the window Len Page watches the landscape of his childhood receding behind them. Then, feeling exploratory, he gets up and takes himself off along the aisle to the next carriage, where a fat man with a goitre is sitting reading a newspaper. He edges along the aisle and for a moment the combined swaying of the train and smell of coal smoke overtakes him and he does not notice a man in uniform bowling along the aisle towards him.
You going somewhere, son?
No, he says.
Well get back to your seat, then, sonny boy.
He follows Len to the carriage door.
Hey mister, says Len, remembering the conversation with his father, what’s this engine called?
This? The man in the uniform smiles. This is the Upminster, son. The number twenty-one.
Thank you mister.
The man in uniform ruffles Len’s dun brown hair.
You interested in trains, sonny?
No.
Ah, says the man, darkening. You get back to your place then.
Sliding on to the wooden bench, Len tries not to catch his father’s eye. He is glad when the Upminster begins to draw into Fenchurch Street on the eastern side of the City of London and with its brakes squealing and the smoke pouring from its funnel finally slows to a halt in the wide iron arms of the station.
The journey from Upminster to London takes just under an hour but this is the first time that Jim Page or Emily Nottage or their children have ever made it. They hire a hackney carriage to take them east from Fenchurch Street. ‘As far as I could see were the solid walls of brick, the slimy pavements and the screaming streets,’ Jack London wrote in 1904, and the scene isn’t so different ten years later. The carriage takes them through the sullen alleyways and lanes of Aldgate and Whitechapel and out to the market stalls at the Mile End Waste which dot the road as far as the eye can see like a set of ragged flags. On either side there are more people than they have ever imagined could live in one place, even such a place as London.
The Thames pushes east towards the sea, but the city’s wealth has for centuries drifted westwards, against the direction of the prevailing winds, to escape what Sir William Petty described four hundred years ago as the ‘fumes, steams and stinks of the whole easterly pile’. The booty of the docks flowed west too, along the wide East London arterials – Mile End Road, East India Dock Road, Commercial Road, West India Dock Road, Roman Road, Royal Victoria Dock Road – to more prosperous parts of London where people lived luckier lives.
You move to the East End if you are desperate, and the Pages are. There is unskilled work to be had in the factories, in the finishing trades and around the docks, and a man with strong hands and an eager face can just about scrape by and, more to the point, feel that he is among those who understand as well as he does the predicaments of exile. Over the centuries, all Europe’s diasporas have met here: first Huguenots, men and women like the Fulchers, then Jews fleeing Russian pogroms, Irish on the lam from the potato famine, and after them Armenians, Lithuanians, Poles, more Jews and other refugees from religious persecutions, and finally families like the Pages, the English rural poor. A hundred years on it is the same, though the mix has changed. Wander through any of the East End’s markets on a sunny afternoon and you will pass by Somalis, Polynesians, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Liberians, Eritreans, Indonesians, East African Asians; most of whom are there because they were obliged to leave somewhere else. The Pages are just one point on a continuum stretching across the centuries.
So they settle in East Ham, which is then a small suburb of ‘respectable’ working class homes beside the fastest-growing, poorest, most overcrowded and most heavily industrialised area in London. Emily has family in East Ham and for a while they are able to rent a room from them; six people, taking turns on the bed and with the sounds of another family leaking through the walls. Things are not as bad as they might be. Jim soon finds work as a labourer in a lumber yard and before many months have passed, they have a little money. Emily likes not having to travel to market. There are stalls and shops on every street corner. Jim takes comfort in small things. On his way to work every morning, he passes fields. Occasionally cows
