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Chapter 4
Advanced Quantum Computing: Interference and Entanglement
Abstract
The special properties of quantum objects (atoms, ions, and photons) are superposition, interference, and entanglement. Superposition refers to particles existing across all possible states simultaneously. Interference is the situation where intervention from noise in the environment damages the quantum object, and also the possibility that the wave functions of particles can either reinforce or diminish each other. Entanglement means that groups of particles are connected and can interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of the others even when the particles are separated by a large distance. One of the most important implications of entanglement is that qubits can be error-corrected, which will likely be necessary for the advent of universal quantum computing. An application of quantum computing that is already available is certifiably random bits, a proven source of randomness, which is used in secure cryptography.
4.1Introduction
One surprise is that there may be many more useful short-term applications of quantum computing with currently available NISQ devices than has been thought possible without full-blown universal quantum computers. NISQ devices are noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices (Preskill, 2018). For example, even near-term quantum computing devices may allow computations as elaborate as the simulation of quantum field theories (Jordan et al., 2012).
4.1.1 Quantum statistics
Quantum superposition, entanglement, and interference (SEI) properties come together in the discipline of quantum statistics. Quantum phenomena have a signature. They produce certain kinds of recognizable quantum statistical distributions that could only have come from quantum
