pig practice:
• Monzaldon 100 mg/ml Solution for Injection: vetrabutine hydrochloride 100 mg/ml; 2-4 ml/sow im as a single injection. Meat withhold 28 days.
• Oxytocin-S: oxytocin 10 IU/ml; 0.2-1 ml im. Zero meat withhold.
• Stresnil 40 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Pigs: azaperone 40 mg/ml; 0.5-1 ml/20 kg im. Meat withhold 10 days.
Poultry Medicines
In commercial situations, antimicrobials are initially supplied to poultry in the drinking water and then, if required, the same antimicrobial can be included in the food. In backyard flocks and individual birds, injectable antimicrobials licensed for other stock can be used under the cascade principle. Hence, the ambulatory practitioner does not normally need to carry specifically licensed poultry products.
Antimicrobials
• Aivlosin 625 mg/g granules: tylvalosin 25 mg/kg. Meat withhold 2 days for chickens and pheasants. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Amoxinsol: amoxicillin 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 1 day for chickens, 5 days for turkeys, 9 days for ducks. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Apralan Soluble Powder: apraycin 40 mg/kg. Meat withhold 7 days for chickens. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Baytril 10% Oral Solution: enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg. Meat withhold 8 days for chickens and turkeys. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Chlorosol 50: chlortetracycline 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 3 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Colibird: colistin 75,000 IU/kg. Meat withhold 1 day. Zero egg withhold in poultry.
• Denagard 12.5% Oral Solution: tiamulin 25 mg/kg. Meat withhold in chickens 2 days. Meat withhold in turkeys 5 days. Zero egg withhold.
• Dicural Oral Solution: difloxacin 10 mg/kg. Meat withhold 1 day. Not to be used in laying hens or turkeys.
• Enroxil Oral Solution: enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg. Meat withhold 10 days in chickens, 11 days in turkeys. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Erythrocin Soluble: erythromycin 25.5 mg/kg. Meat and egg withhold 6 days.
• Linco-Spectin 100 Soluble Powder: 33.3 g lincomycin and 66.7 g spectinomycin per pack; prevention, 50 mg/kg lincomycin and 100 mg/kg spectomycin (150 mg antibiotic) as fresh solution in drinking water for first 3-5 days of life; further prevention and treatment, 50 mg/kg antibiotic daily for 1-2 days during the fourth week or after vaccination, and at first signs of disease for 3-7 days. Meat withhold 5 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Octacillin WSP: amoxicillin 16 mg/kg. Meat withhold 1 day. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Pulmotil AC: tilmicosin 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 12 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Soludox: doxycycline 10 mg/kg. Meat withhold 3 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Tetsol 800: tetracycline 60 mg/kg. Meat withhold 6 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Tilmovet 250 mg/ml Oral Solution: tilmicosin 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 12 days. Not to be used in laying hens.
• Tylan Soluble: tylosin 200 mg/kg. Meat withhold 1 day in chickens. Nil meat withhold in turkeys. Zero egg withhold.
• Vetremox: amoxicillin 20 mg/kg. Meat withhold 2 days for chickens, 5 days for turkeys. Not to be used in laying hens.
Antiprotozoals
• Baycox 2.5% Oral Solution: toltrazuril 7 mg/kg. Meat withhold 18 days for chickens. Not to be used in laying hens.
3
Cattle Medicine
Introduction
The chapter starts with a brief discussion on carrying out a clinical examination and taking a case history in cattle practice. This is followed by an account of cattle medicine which is organized by system, with sections on diseases of the gastroenteric system, diseases of the neurological system, metabolic diseases (which can also be viewed as a category of neurological diseases), diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the urinary system, diseases of the reproductive system, diseases of the locomotory system and diseases of the integument. Lastly, there is a brief section on the common reasons for cattle to be found dead.
Clinical Examination, Including History Taking
The clinical examination is the vital start for making a diagnosis in cattle practice. The respiration rate in the normal adult animal is 12-30 breaths/min, with a quicker rate of 20-24 breaths/min in calves. The pulse rate, which should normally be 60-80 beats/min can be taken from the coccygeal artery at the same time as taking the rectal temperature, which should be between 38 and 39 °C. Also, while in this area of the animal, an abnormal pulse in the urethra of male animals can be felt. The normal pulse rate in calves lies in the range of 70-120 beats/min and the normal rectal temperature is between 38.5 and 39.5 °C. Auscultation of the heart should reveal a steady rhythm with a pulse being seen in the lower third of the jugular being normal. Careful lung auscultation should reveal a lack of sounds in the normal animal. Subcutaneous oedema, which is abnormal, will be seen below the mandibles, on the brisket and in front of the udder. The mucous membranes can be checked in the vulva of females or in the conjunctiva of both sexes. The eyes should be checked for abnormalities and any ocular discharge. The mouth should be checked for excess saliva and for abnormal lesions on the mucosa of the lips and tongue. Auscultation of the rumen should reveal contractions every 20 or 30 s. A resonant ping on auscultation of the left flank is abnormal, as is a splashing on simultaneous ballottement and auscultation of the right flank. The consistency of the faeces can be checked on rectal examination.
The history taken should include the type of animal and its age. Knowledge of the number in the group, together with the total number on the farm, is also important. It is useful to find out how long this group of cattle have been on the farm and whether their management has changed recently. Obviously, the number affected by the condition under examination and any deaths that have occurred should be recorded as well. Asking for any other observations is useful. Farmer’s ideas should not be disregarded.
Diseases of the Gastroenteric System
The predominant signs
• Diarrhoea
• Anorexia
• Pyrexia
• Vomiting
• Dysentery
• Tenesmus
• Excess salivation
• Lack of rumination
Diagnosis
The
