disorders. Over the past 200 years, numerous systems have been developed; however, in the past 50 years, the emphasis has been on reliability of diagnosis. There has been a push for observable characteristics that would define a specific disorder—signs and symptoms delineated through observation of, and conversation with, the individual. In general, these types of criteria make up the structure of the DSM, published by the APA and used in North America, and the ICD, published by the WHO and used in Europe. One overall change in the most recent edition of DSM (DSM–5) is the use of dimensional assessments and spectrum-related disorders. Another change is in the placement of disorders based on underlying vulnerabilities as well as symptom characteristics to reflect how a variety of disorders may have some common underlying similarities. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has begun a program to better study, prevent, and treat mental disorders, which includes developing a new way to classify mental disorders, referred to as Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Beginning with the next chapter, I will turn to focusing on particular disorders.
Study Resources
Review Questions
1 What are some of the advantages of conducting a structured interview for an initial mental health assessment? In addition, what specific advantages do the mental status exam and the SCID offer?
2 How do reliability and validity relate to the assessment and classification of psychopathology?
3 How can neuropsychological testing help us understand mental illness?
4 What important areas of potential do neuroscience techniques offer in the assessment and classification of mental illness?
5 “Classification is a way to organize the diversity seen in mental disorders.” From what you have read about ICD and DSM, the advantages of classification are clear, but are there any disadvantages or things that are overlooked?
For Further Reading
Frances, A. (2013). Saving normal: An insider’s revolt against out-of-control psychiatric diagnosis, DSM–5, big pharma, and the medicalization of ordinary life. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D. (2007). The handbook of cultural psychology. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Meehl, P. E. (1954). Clinical versus statistical prediction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Key Terms and Concepts
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 131
categorical 140
classification 142
comorbid 140
Continuous Performance Test (CPT) 137
Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) 127
delusional thinking 126
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 139
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