after middle age. Some of these changes such as poorer speech processing and less accuracy is related to the loss of auditory (hearing) acuity. Older people have more difficulty finding specific words and making inferences from complicated discourse. However, knowledge of words and the understanding of real-world expectations, as well as storytelling skills, appear to remain unimpaired (Clark-Cotton, Williams, Goral, & Obler, 2007).
Declining language skills have been associated with diminishing cognition, overall health, factors of fatigue, and a variety of social variables (level of education, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status), behavioral factors (motivation and interest), and comfort of the assessment environment. Disease can compound any language usage. For example, a transient ischemic attack (TIA), also referred to as a mini stroke, will interfere with the ability to speak. Also, a childhood language disorder (stuttering) if left undiagnosed and untreated, will lead to problems with disordered language production in older adulthood (Clark-Cotton et al., 2007). However, most older adults communicate successfully throughout most of their lives.
Intelligence
Intelligence, as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, declines with age, but the biggest, earliest losses were reported in flawed studies. Cohort differences undermined these cross-sectional studies, causing selection bias regarding education, gender, race, occupation, and income. However, measuring specific intellectual functions has become typical. Crystallized intelligence (learning and experience) remains stable or improves with age until the late 70s or beyond, especially in those who remain healthy and engaged in cognitively demanding activities. Fluid intelligence declines rapidly after adolescence. Perceptual motor skills (timed tasks) decline with age (Besdine & Wu, 2008).
Individuals may experience a wide array of physical and cognitive shifts as they go through the aging process. Such changes can include issues with vision to problems with cardiovascular or integumentary systems to losses in episodic memory to attention deficiencies. The degrees to which these changes occur differ from person to person. Older adults’ health and well-being are dependent on the professionals who are available to help them through these new stages of life. In particular, counselors should acknowledge any diminished capacities that a client is experiencing and provide him or her support in those areas, while also reinforcing the person’s strengths and emphasizing his or her ability to lead a happy life.
Keystones
Natural physiological and psychological changes occur as one ages.
Older adults are able to adapt to these physiological and psychological changes.
Declines in functioning and strengths can and do coexist within elders.
Professional counselors are encouraged to acknowledge diminished capacity while reinforcing the older client’s strengths.
Additional Resources
Print Based
Aldwin, C. M., & Gilmer, D. F. (2004). Health, illness, and optimal aging. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cutler, N. E. (2000, November 20). Myths and realities of aging 2000. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Washington, DC.
Dalton, D. S., Cruickshanks, K. J., Klein, B. E. K., Wiley, T. L., & Wondahl, D. M. (2003). The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults. The Gerontologist, 43, 661–668.
Desai, M., Pratt, L. A., Lentzner, H., & Robinson, K. N. (2001). Trends in vision and hearing among older Americans. Aging Trends, 2, 1–8.
Kemmet, D., & Brotherson, S. (2008). Making sense of sensory losses as we age—Childhood, adulthood, elderhood. Fargo: North Dakota State University.
Masoro, E. J. (2001). Dietary restriction: An experimental approach of the biology of aging. In E. J. Masoro & S. N. Austad (Eds.), Handbook of the biology of aging (5th ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Olshansky, S. J., Hayflick, L., & Carnes, B. A. (2002). No truth to the fountain of youth. Scientific American, 286, 92–95.
Rattan, S. J. S., & Clark, B. F. C. (2005). Understanding and modulating ageing. UBMB Life, 57, 297–304.
U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health. (2009). Aging changes in the senses. Medline Plus. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
Vijg, J. (2007). Aging of the genome. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Web Based
References
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Aging changes in immunity. (2012, November 10). In Medline Plus medical encyclopedia. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004008.htm
Aging changes in the skin. (2014, September 15). In Medline Plus medical encyclopedia. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004014.htm
American Academy of Health and Fitness (AAHF). (2015). Respiratory system. Retrieved from http://www.aahf.info/sec_exercise/section/respiratory.htm
Anti-Aging Today. (2013). The cross-linking theory. Retrieved from http://www.anti-aging-today-org/research/aging/theory/cross-linking.htm
Arking, R. (2006). The biology of aging: Observations and principles (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University.
Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 471–501.
Bengtson, V., Putney, N., & Johnson, M. (2005). The problem of theory in gerontology today. In M. Johnson (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of age and aging (pp. 3–20, 117). New York,
