href="#u35695df1-e6fa-5801-be78-155c16bd9e48">1IntroductionLearning ObjectivesAgingBiological Theories Associated With AgingNeuroendocrine TheoryAutoimmune Theory of AgingFree Radical Theory of AgingCross-Linkage Theory of AgingGenetic Control Theory of AgingSomatic Mutation Theory of AgingWear and Tear Theory of AgingPhysical Changes That Accompany AgingCentral Nervous SystemSensory PerceptionRespiratory SystemCardiovascular SystemIntegumentary SystemGastrointestinal SystemMusculoskeletal SystemLymphatic SystemEmotionsCognitive Changes That Accompany AgingAttentionLearning and MemoryLanguageIntelligenceKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences2Historical Perspectives and Changing Attitudes Toward Older AdultsLearning ObjectivesIntroductionPerceptions of Growing Older and Societal InfluencesStereotypesPrejudiceHistorical Aspects of AgingAging of the Baby Boomer GenerationDifferences in the Baby Boomer GenerationReconfiguring Work and RetirementChallenges Facing Baby BoomersAging and Mental HealthRethinking the Value of AgingKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences3Characteristics of Positive Older Adults and the Helping ProcessLearning ObjectivesIntroductionSuccessful Aging and Mental WellnessDefining Successful AgingProductive, Healthy, and Active AgingMental WellnessPositive Aging CharacteristicsResiliencyHealthy LifestyleActive EngagementIntimacyCounseling Older AdultsDeveloping New Perspectives, Attitudes, and KnowledgeRemaining Flexible and OpenPromoting Successful AgingOptimizing the Vision for AgingAttributes of Successful PractitionersGeneral Attributes Needed for SuccessAttributes Needed for Success With Older AdultsKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences6 Section II Common Issues and Problematic Behaviors Experienced by Older Adults4Health Challenges That Impact the Well-Being of Older AdultsLearning ObjectivesIntroductionImpact of Age-Related Diseases on Activities of Daily LivingCardiovascular DiseasesAtherosclerosisAngina PectorisMyocardial InfarctionCongestive Heart FailureCardiac ArrhythmiasHypertensionCardiovascular Diseases and Mental HealthCardiovascular Diseases and Mental Health PracticeDiabetesDiagnosisTreatmentDiabetes and Mental HealthDiabetes and Mental Health PracticeCancerImpact of AgingPreventionTreatmentCancer and Mental HealthCancer and Mental Health PracticeArthritisOsteoarthritisRheumatoid ArthritisGoutArthritis and Mental HealthArthritis and Mental Health PracticeOsteoporosisTreatmentOsteoporosis and Mental HealthOsteoporosis and Mental Health PracticeFallsFall Prevention StrategiesFalls and Mental HealthFalls and Mental Health PracticeVision DisordersMacular DegenerationGlaucomaVision Disorders and Mental HealthVision Disorders and Mental Health PracticeCerebrovascular DiseaseStroke Prevention and TreatmentCerebrovascular Disease and Mental HealthCerebrovascular Disease and Mental Health PracticeHIV/AIDSInterventionsHIV/AIDS and Mental HealthHIV/AIDS and Mental Health PracticeKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences5Challenging Conditions Experienced by Older AdultsLearning ObjectivesIntroductionAlzheimer’s DiseasePrevalence of Alzheimer’sTreatment and PreventionDepressionDiagnosisTreatmentAnxietyDiagnosisTreatmentSubstance AbusePrescription Drug AbuseRisk Factors for Alcohol AbuseRisk Factors for Prescription Drug/Other Substance Misuse and AbuseTreatmentPrescription Drug Abuse PreventionElder AbusePhysical AbuseEmotional AbuseFinancial AbuseProtecting Against Elder AbuseKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences6Family Issues and Support SystemsLearning ObjectivesIntroductionCaregivingInformal CaregivingBenefits of CaregivingChallenges of CaregivingPsychosocial InterventionsGrandparentingEffects of Caregiving by GrandparentsSupport MechanismsSupport SystemsFormal Support SystemsSocial SupportRelationships and HealthFriendshipsKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences7Loss and Its Effect on Older AdultsLearning ObjectivesIntroductionLossCognitive LossesLoss of MobilityLoss of StabilitySocial LossRole LossMajor LossDivorceAge and DivorceFactors Affecting DivorceDivorce and Its EffectsWidowhoodEffects of WidowhoodAdaptation and CopingVariability in Response to WidowhoodGrief Interventions and ProgramsImportance of Social EngagementDying and DeathThe Process of DyingReactions to GriefDefining DeathDeath and CultureLearning to Honor DeathKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences8Opportunities in Later LifeLearning ObjectivesIntroductionPsychosocial Theories Related to EngagementDisengagement TheoryActivity Theory of AgingContinuity TheoryEmploymentAgeism in the WorkplaceChanging PracticesRetirementFactors Affecting the Retirement DecisionAdaptation and Adjustment to RetirementLeisureDefinitionHealth BenefitsVolunteerismPositive Impact on HealthFormal Volunteer ProgramsKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences
7 Section III Professional Practice in Working with Older Clients9Skills, Attitudes, and Knowledge of Effective PractitionersLearning ObjectivesIntroductionCounselor Preparation and DevelopmentProfessional Standards/CompetenciesCounseling and Relationship SkillsAttitudes and ValuesMulticultural Issues in Counseling Older AdultsEthical Issues and Older PersonsSupervision and ConsultationStrategies to Use in Counseling Older AdultsNeeds and Services for Older PersonsClient EmpowermentImpairment and AdaptationsLiving ArrangementsDevelopmental Crises/TransitionsResourcesKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences10Professional Practice With Goals for Older AdultsLearning ObjectivesIntroductionPsychosocial InterventionsCommon Goals of Psychosocial InterventionsCommon Psychosocial Intervention ApproachesStages of the Helping RelationshipCreating Therapeutic RelationshipsClient AssessmentGoal SettingIntervention and EvaluationTermination and Providing ClosureAlternative Counseling ApproachIssues Brought to the Helping RelationshipHealth ConcernsDealing With UncertaintyRelationship Issues and SexualityLate-Life TransitionsTerminal IllnessDeath and DyingKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences11Therapeutic Approaches and Appropriateness for Older ClientsLearning ObjectivesIntroductionProblem Solving TherapyProblem-Solving ProcessSupport for PST and SPST in Older AdultsBrief Dynamic TherapyBehavioral TherapyCognitive TherapyCognitive-Behavioral TherapyIntegrative ApproachStrengths-Based ApproachReminiscence Therapy and Life ReviewReminiscence TherapyLife Review TherapyFamily Systems ApproachFamily as the Therapeutic UnitFamily Stresses in Later LifeReality OrientationTreatment ApproachUse With Individuals With DementiaKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferences12Future TrendsLearning ObjectivesIntroductionPositive AgingHealth CareEmployment and RetirementCounseling ConsiderationsKeystonesAdditional ResourcesReferenceIndexAbout the Author
Series Editors’ Preface
In 2014, the Census Bureau noted that the number of Americans aged 65 and older was expected to nearly double by the middle of the century, when they will make up more than a fifth of the nation’s population. This same report projected that by 2050, 83.7 million American will be 65 or older, which is noteworthy given the 43.1 million cited in 2012. The stresses and life challenges confronting those 65 and older, while reflecting those experienced by all adults, are oftentimes quite unique to this population. And, just as the challenges are unique, so too must be the services provided in support of these individuals as they continue to journey through life.
The specific knowledge, skills, and professional disposition required of those serving the psychological and emotional needs of an aging population are brilliantly articulated in Fundamentals of Helping Relationships With Older Adults: From Theory to Practice written by Dr. Adelle M. Williams. In this text, Dr. Williams employs her extensive expertise and clinical experience in working with the older adults to provide counselors-in-training with a guide to adult normative development as well as ways of recognizing and responding to that which is non-normative.
The material found in Fundamentals of Helping Relationships With Older Adults: From Theory to Practice reflects the latest research findings on issues of older adult development, as well as the best practice employed by those serving that population. In this text, readers will not only be provided an overview to the aging process, both as a gift and a challenge, but also will be guided in their development of those competencies essential to providing ethical,
