from their lands. Usury was an issue that had stoked violence and civil unrest in the past and would be a source of rebellion in the fourteenth century.
Notes
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1.Paul Rapin de Thoyras, An Abridgement of the History of England (London 1747), 217; Davis, “The Ethics of Arbitrage,” chap. 1; Vincent J. Cornell, “In the Shadow of Deuteronomy: Approaches to Interest in Judaism and Christianity,” in Interest in Islamic Economics: Understanding Riba, ed. Abdulkader Thomas (London and New York: Routledge, 2006).
2.John W. Baldwin, Masters, Princes, and Merchants: The Social Views of Peter the Chanter and His Circle (Princeton 1970); O’Carroll, A Thirteenth-Century Preacher’s Handbook, 5.
3.Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society, 126; Ferguson, Ascent of Money, introduction.
4.Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society, 102, 103, 121; Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy, 231.
5.Cave and Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic History, 73; Jones, The Plantagenets, “L’Espace Plantagenet.”
6.David Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 222–23; Robert Chazan, The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom 1000–1500 (Cambridge: CUP, 2006), 159; Mundill, “Christian and Jewish Lending Patterns,” 45; Theodore Evergates, ed., Feudal Society in Medieval France: Documents from the County of Champagne (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 28–30; Mollat and Wolff, The Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages, 26; Borer, The City of London, 55, 84; Robert C. Stacey, “Jewish Lending,” 89, 93–95 and “The English Jews under Henry III,” in The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary, and Archeological Perspectives, ed. Patricia Skinner (Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, 2003), 41; Materials for the History of Thomas Becket (Rolls Series, 67, 1875–85), vol. III, 19, quoted in Dobson, The Jewish Communities, 4. Following J. Jacobs in The Jews of Angevin England, Dobson believes the word creditores is an error and that debitores was intended. Graeme Donald Snooks, “The Dynamic Role of the Market in the Anglo-Norman Economy and Beyond 1086–1300,” in Commercialising Economy, 27; Kocka, Capitalism; C. Hollister, Robert Stacey, and Robin Chapman Stacey, The Making of England to 1399 (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001), 225–26.
7.John D. Hosler, “Henry II, William of Newburgh, and the Development of English Anti-Judaism” in Christian Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Middle Ages: A Casebook, ed. Michael Frassetto (New York and London: Routledge, 2007), 170; Christopher Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 79.
8.Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (1577) quoted in Bernard Grébanier, The Truth About Shylock (New York: Random House, 1962), 21–22.
9.Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, vol. 2 (London: J. Johnson, 1807), 204–06.
10.William Chester Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 98.
11.William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, Book 4, chapters 9 and 10 in Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I, ed. Richard Howlett (London: Longman, 1885); Holinshed, Chronicles, vol. 2, 210–11; Dobson, The Jewish Communities, 12; Shatzmiller, Cultural Exchange, 41; Robert R. Mundill, The King’s Jews: Money, Massacre, and Exodus in Medieval England (London and New York: Continuum, 2010), 80; William of Newburgh, History, chap. 9.
12.Mundill, The King’s Jews, 81; Nirenberg, Communities of Violence, 222–23; Chazan, The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom, 159; Borer, The City of London, 84; Mundill, “Christian and Jewish Lending Patterns,” 45.
13.Mundill, The King’s Jews, 80–81.
14.The quote is by The Anonymous of Béthune; Robert C. Stacey, “Jews and Christians in 12th Century England: Some Dynamics of a Changing Relationship,” in Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe, eds. Michael A. Signer and John Van Engen (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001); Mundill, The King’s Jews, 81; Jones, The Plantagenets, “Hunt for an Heir”; Seabourne, Royal Regulation of Loans and Sales, 31.
15.Jones, The Plantagenets, “Salvaging the wreck” and “A Cruel Master”; R.B. Dobson, “The Decline and Expulsion of the Medieval Jews of York,” Transactions and Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England) 26 (1974–78): 25, 35, and The Jewish Communities of Medieval England, 24; Robin R. Mundill, “Lumbard and Son: The Businesses and Debtors of Two Jewish Moneylenders in Late Thirteenth-Century England,” Jewish Quarterly Review 82.1/2 (July-Oct. 1991): 141; The Chronicles of Melrose.
16.Jones, The Plantagenets, “Kingship At Last.”
17.Joe and Caroline Hillaby, eds., The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 239–40, 408; John Paul Davis, The Gothic King: A Biography of Henry III (London and Chicago: Peter Owen, 2013), Kindle ed.; John Stow, A Survey of London, Written in the Year 1598, Project Gutenberg Ebook (2013), http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42959/42959-h/42959-h.htm; Postan, Cambridge Economic History of Europe, 552.
18.Hillaby, The Palgrave Dictionary, 240; Calendar of Close Roles: Edward I, April 25, 1275, 162; R.H. Britnell, “England and Northern Italy in the Early Fourteenth Century: The Economic Contrasts,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 39 (1989):169; Emilie Amt, The Succession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored 1149–1159 (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 1993), 92; Borer, The City of London, 84, 97–98; Jones, The Plantagenets, “Edward At Sea.”
19.For the life of Licoricia, see, Suzanne Bartlet, Licoricia of Winchester: Marriage, Motherhood, and Murder in the Medieval Anglo-Jewish Community (Portland, OR and Edgware, UK: Vallentine Mitchell, 2009).
20.Evergates, Feudal Society in Medieval France, 26, 84–85.
21.Jordan, Louis IX, 101
22.Shatzmiller, Cultural Exchange, 80–81, 91; Gilbert S. Rosenthal introduction
