Lula of Brazil. Richard Bourne

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       LULA

      OF BRAZIL

       THE STORY SO FAR

      RICHARD BOURNE

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       UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

      BERKELEY LOS ANGELES

      University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

      University of California Press

      Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

      © 2008 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Bourne, Richard.

       Lula of Brazil : the story so far / Richard Bourne.

       p. cm.

       Includes bibliographical references and index.

       ISBN: 978-0-520-24663-8 (cloth : alk. paper)

       1. Lula, 1945- 2. Brazil—Politics and government—2003- 3. Brazil—Politics and government—19852002 4. Presidents—Brazil—Biography. I. Title.

      F2538.5.L5B68 2007

      981.06092—dc22

      [B]

      2007024079

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      This book is printed on Natures Book, which contains 50% postconsumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). images

      For Emily, Daniel, Max, James, and Isabel, my grandchildren, who will know another Brazil

      CONTENTS

       List of Illustrations

       Preface and Acknowledgments

       1. A Tough Start in Life

       2. Strike Leader

       3. The PT, the Workers' Party

       4. Persistent Candidate for the Presidency

       5. Overview of the First Term

       6. Domestic Policy

       7. International and Economic Policy

       8. Corruption and Scandal

       9. The Elections of 2006

       10. Lula So Far: An Interim Assessment

       Notes

       Select Bibliography

       Index

      ILLUSTRATIONS

      (following page 162)

       1. Approximate birthplace of Lula, Caetés, 2005

       2. Lula with Dona Lindu and family on the beach at Santos

       3. Lula as a teenager on a soccer team

       4. Lula at his wedding to Marisa, 1974

       5. Lula at a metalworkers' strike meeting in São Bernardo, 1979

       6. Lula at the negotiating table, 1979

       7. Killing time playing cards during the 1980 strike

       8. Lula with José Dirceu, 2001

       9. Lula after voting in the 2002 presidential election

       10. Lula with President George W. Bush, 2002

       11. Lula with President Fidel Castro at the Havana airport, 2003

       12. Lula with Marisa and Oscar Niemeyer outside the Palácio Alvorada, Brasília, 2005

       13. Lula with Marisa at the Taj Mahal, 2005

       14. Lula with President Hugo Chávez, 2006

      PREFACE AND

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      I have to start with a confession: I lost my heart to Brazil at the age of nearly twenty-five, in 1965, when I was lucky enough to win a scholarship to spend six months in Brazil, theoretically linked to the Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro but in reality free to work as an independent journalist. The scholarship was awarded by the Brazilian Foreign Ministry, the Itamaraty, and was handled on behalf of the Brazilian Embassy in London by the British Council. At the time, I was a staff reporter for The Guardian, which generously gave me a leave of absence.

      The period was exciting for a young journalist interested in politics. The military government that had overthrown

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