Action
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significant in developing countries, where economic output is lower and tax systems are less extensive. Industrial development and a history of collective organization make fiscal redistribution more likely to be acceptable and effective. In the 1950s and 1960s, many developing countries undertook land reforms to equalize agrarian opportunities, and to increase economic growth. Some reforms, notably in East Asia, established significant rural equity. Innovative forms of action on inequality that have had some success in reducing poverty include cash transfers conditional upon children going to school. However, the way such policies are implemented, and lack of support at all levels of the economic and political order, may undo or reverse their effects.
In response to popular pressure, governments may attempt to reduce inequality through minimum wage laws, progressive taxation, and land reforms.
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R Freedoms can be seen as both ends in themselves, and as means of achieving a fulfilled life. Democracy is a form of collective decision making in which participants are equal at some stage of the process, for example, when voting. Both freedom and democracy are complex, contested ideas which change over time, but even rough measures can provide an indication of significant inequalities between and within countries. National democracies exist within complex global systems that are not democratic. Although the UN General Assembly uses a system of one-government one-vote, which is an indirect form of representation, the UN Security Council only represents leading governments and a few others, without any pretense of democracy. Other global actors, such as corporations, similarly lack democratic accountability.
Freedom & Democracy
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