Guide to Key Cultural Themes
Business Morality and Practices
10, 26, 51, 65, 84, 106, 109, 115, 155, 157, 159, 164, 168, 171, 172, 176, 181, 183, 189, 201, 202, 203, 204, 221, 229, 230
Communication and Consensus Building
7, 15, 16, 33, 36, 37, 40, 47, 52, 55, 67, 73, 74, 75, 86, 90, 95, 99, 112, 114, 119, 130, 136, 148, 162, 222
Culture and Customs
1, 3, 9, 11, 17, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 42, 45, 47, 48, 50, 56, 62, 63, 68, 69, 77, 79, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 96, 101, 103, 112, 121, 123, 141, 142, 146, 147, 150, 151, 154, 160, 170, 180, 191, 193, 194, 198, 199, 230
Education, Ethics, and Morality
54, 57, 62, 105, 116, 123, 128, 175, 177, 178, 179, 189, 201, 205, 209, 210, 215, 219
Etiquette and Role-Playing
2, 30, 39, 40, 80, 81, 100, 131, 144, 145, 164, 166, 167, 168, 192, 196, 218, 223
Family, Society, Men, and Women
4, 6, 8, 20, 29, 45, 53, 71, 82, 85, 109, 118, 120, 126, 127, 133, 141, 143, 169, 186, 212, 224, 225, 228
Foreign Elements
91, 98, 121, 124, 136, 138, 159
History, Myths, Militarism
28, 43, 44, 58, 59, 60, 70, 72, 94, 104, 135, 165, 220
Hospitality, Eating, and Drinking
68, 111, 133, 134, 163, 190, 195, 198, 213
Philosophical Beliefs and Practices
12, 46, 117, 125, 129, 139, 173, 175, 182, 185, 187, 211, 214, 216
Politics, Power, Law, and Nationalism
5, 13, 25, 34, 38, 41, 64, 66, 80, 97, 103, 107, 149, 152, 153, 154, 185, 206, 207, 217, 227, 231
Acknowledgments
I am deeply grateful to Dr. Martin H. Sours, an authority on Korea and formerly professor of international studies at the American Graduate School of International Management (now Thunderbird School of Global Management) in Glendale, Arizona, for editing the final draft of this book, in the process of which he significantly improved the content of many of the entries and added to the clarity of others. I am also indebted to the following persons for reading the manuscript when it was in first draft and generously sharing their experiences and knowledge of Korea.
John H. Koo, Ph.D.
Professor of Korean, Center for Asian Studies, Arizona State University
Heon Jin Chang
President, Semco International, Seoul
Ernest Gerald Beck
Taekwondo Master, Orlando, Florida
Don Hackney Korean
Korean Trade Specialist, Seoul
Hawk Sohn
Business Consultant, Seoul
Sokbom Han, Ph.D.
Arizona State University
Hosoon Ku, Ph.D.
Arizona State University
Understanding and Interacting with Koreans
Koreans share many cultural characteristics with the Chinese and Japanese because of their geographic proximity, long history of contact, and the mutual influence of animism, shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. China was, in fact, the primary wellspring of Korean civilization from around 108 B.C. until modern times. But the Korean people have retained a unique character and personality that sets them apart from the Chinese and Japanese as well as other Asians—a difference that derives from their deepest spiritual and philosophical beliefs and from an image of themselves that has been shaped by both internal and external factors over the centuries.
A significant part of the Korean character was obviously forged by the rugged mountainous terrain of the country and by a climate that runs to the extremes of hot and cold. Another part of the character of Koreans was wrought in the bloody crucible of ongoing battles with raiders and invaders from the north and from the sea. Whatever the individual factors that went into the makeup of the Korean character and personality—and there were many others—the end result was a formidable people who have yet to achieve the full promise of their potential and from whom the world will hear a great deal more.
Contemporary Korean scholars and observers, including Dr. Jae Un Kim, a developmental psychologist and the author of several books on the Korean mind-set and behavior, have noted a variety of surface changes in the attitudes and behavior of Koreans since the end of the nineteenth century, but they say that the national character of Koreans has remained essentially the same.
As is the case with all ancient cultures created within highly refined and meticulously structured social systems over thousands of years, one of the keys to understanding traditional Korean attitudes and behavior is the language of the people—or, more precisely, key words in the language. These key words provide access to the Korean mind—to core concepts and emotions, the attitudes and feelings that make up the Korean psyche. These key terms reveal both the heart and soul of Koreans and provide bridges for communicating and interacting with Koreans on the most fundamental level.
I have selected more than two hundred of the most culture-laden words in the Korean language and attempted to explain their special role in history and in Korean life today in a way that is both meaningful and useful.
Boyé
