Tuttle Pocket Vietnamese Dictionary. Phan Van Giuong

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Guide to Vietnamese Pronunciation

      Like Chinese and Thai, Vietnamese is a tonal language where no word is conjugated. The Vietnamese alphabet has 29 letters:

      a, aê, aâ, b, c, d, ñ, e, eâ, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, oâ, ô, p, q, r, s, t, u, ö, v, x, y.

      The Vietnamese consonants are written as single letters or a cluster of two or three letters, as follows:

      b, c, ch, d, ñ, g, gh, gi, h, k, kh, l, m, n, ng, ngh, nh, p, ph, qu, r, s, t, th, tr, v, x.

      The vowels in Vietnamese are the following: a, aê, aâ, e, eâ, i/y, o, oâ, ô, u, ö. Vowels can also be grouped together to form a cluster or a word.

      The following charts show the vowels and consonants in Vietnamese pronunciation with their English equivalents.

      Vowels

Vietnamese English Example Meaning
a father ba three
hat to eat
but aâm sound
e bet em younger brother/sister
may ñeâ m night
i/y me kim needle
o law lo to worry
no coâ aunt
ô fur butter
u too ngu stupid
ö wh-wh thö letter

      Consonants

Vietnamese English Example Meaning
b book buù t pen
c, k, q can caù fish
kem ice-cream
quyù precious
ch chore cho to give
d, gi zero da skin
what
ñ do ñi to go
g/gh go ga railway station
ghe boat
h hat hai two
kh (no real English equivalent) khoâng no
l lot laø to do
m me; him mai tomorrow
n not; in nam south
ng/ngh singer ngon delicious
nghe to hear
nh canyon nho grape
ph phone phaûi right
r run ra to go out
s show söõa milk
t top toát good
th thin thaêm to visit
tr entry treân on/ above
v very vaø and
x see xa far

      Tones

      The standard Vietnamese language has six tones. Each tone is a meaningful and integral part of the syllable. Every syllable must have a tone. The tones are indicated in conventional Vietnamese spelling by diacritic marks placed over (aù, aø, aû, aõ) or under (aï) single vowels or the vowel in a cluster that bears the main stress (v).

Vietnamese Tone mark Description Example Meaning
Khoâ ng daáu (no) o Voice starts at middle of normal speaking range and remains at that level maø ghost

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