clipped shrubs of old palace arrangements, though the plants used are more likely to be flowering species like Bougainvillea and Lantana than the less colourful traditional ones. Others are what M R Pimsai calls "status gardens": "Their trees are usually slow-growing imported palms or conifers. The flower beds, and beds of roses and annuals, all show only too well the army of gardeners they must have to keep the places in such perfect condition." Another characteristic of such landscapes is a penchant for abstract designs largely created by beds of plants with coloured foliage, requiring constant maintenance for its effect. In the cooler north, one sees gardens that in both design and plant materials are scarcely distinguishable from those in an English village.
Colonade at the hilltop palace in Petchaburi; pots of Bougainvillea line the wall and, behind them, some of the original Plumeria trees, now more than a century old.
Increasingly, however, more imaginative designers are emphasizing the country's tropical luxuriance, creating mini-jungles that blend native and imported plants in an artfully natural way. In doing so, they have been responsible for some of the finest of tropical gardens—not, perhaps, specifically "Thai", but nonetheless making full use of the country's fabled fertility.
Jasminum rex, a climber with unscented flowers.
Artabotrys hexapetalus, strongly scented at night.
Cananga odorata, the flowers of which are used to scent cloth.
A cultivar of Plumeria rubra—the flowers may be many different colours.
Phyllanthus acidus, the Star Gooseberry traditionally planted near the gate of a house.
Michelia champaca alba, the very fragrant white-flowering Champaca.
Cassia fistula, popularly known as the Golden Shower tree or the Indian Laburnum and designated as Thailand's national tree. Its cascades of bright yellow are a prominent feature of Thai gardens and roadways during the hot season.
BANGKOK AND ENVIRONS
Bangkok is situated on the banks of the Chao Phraya River in the lower part of the flat, alluvial Central Plains, one of the worlds richest rice-growing regions. Prior to becoming the seat of government in 1782, it was a prosperous little trading port surrounded by plantations of Coconut and Betel Nut palms, where ships called en route to the splendid former capital of Ayutthaya further up-river. Later, like Ayutthaya, it became known to Western visitors as the Venice of the East, due to the network of canals that served as its streets. These, as the city prospered, increasingly led further and further away from the original centre containing the mile-square Grand Palace.
Even though the first roads appeared in the mid-19th century, the city remained essentially water-oriented until World War II. Most commercial and residential properties were close to either the river or one of the canals, even though motor vehicles had already replaced boats as the preferred form of transportation for most residents.
Tall Livistona fan palms and clambering creepers help create a tropical atmosphere in the Bangkok garden of Jim Thompson's house. The house and garden are now open to the public.
The change began in the early 1950s and accelerated with remarkable speed. Leaving the river, the general population moved in other directions, first eastward toward the Gulf of Thailand and later northward into the Central Plains, bringing housing estates and new business centres to what were rice fields within the memory of middle-aged residents. Today the city covers a vast area on both sides of the Chao Phraya, its population estimated at close to 10 million, and most of the old canals have been filled in to make way for yet more urgently-needed roads.
All these factors—be they geographical, historical and social—are relevant to contemporary urban gardeners. Most of the city lies almost at sea level and, due to indiscriminate pumping of underground water, some of it is a metre or more below. This means that many parts are subject to floods, especially the eastern suburbs, an area which two centuries ago was known as the Sea of Mud and was regarded as a natural deterrent to any invader approaching from that direction. Nor is the northern sprawl much safer; a combination of high tides and heavy rainfall up-country left thousands of gardens and fruit orchards under water for months in 1995.
The heavy clay soil so hospitable to rice growing is less well suited to the cultivation of more delicate ornamentals, thus requiring a considerable amount of preparation before a really healthy garden can be established. Finally, the present population density and the rapid increase of high-rise construction have almost eliminated the spacious gardens of the past, along with many of the larger trees that gave them their character.
Yet Bangkok remains the gardening centre of Thailand, just as it remains the cultural and commercial heart. The best plant nurseries are located there, constantly introducing new species, along with the best landscape designers and the greatest number of people with money to employ their skills. Less affluent residents, too, take a greater interest in horticulture than those in other regions, even when forced to work in severely restricted spaces.
From the vantage point of a traffic-clogged street, the prospects may seem unpromising. But hidden behind the high walls characteristic of most residential areas, awaiting discovery along the well-guarded streets of suburban estates, are plantings of exceptional beauty that still set the ultimate standards for Thai gardens.
A small garden in Bangkok, with a Thai-style lamp and rustic deck chair.
A modern reproduction of a Ghandara sculpture surveys the scene from a balcony outside the living room of Bill Bensley's Thai-style house; trees and palms outside as well as potted plants provide a sense of tropical luxuriance.
A jungle-like atmosphere is created in the garden through such plants as Spathiphyilum, Cordyline and Rhapis palms, all of which flourish in filtered sunlight.
THE JIM THOMPSON GARDEN
Jim Thompson, an American who came to Thailand in 1945, became internationally famous for a variety of achievements—his revival of the Thai silk industry, the comprehensive collection of Asian art he assembled, and the beautiful Thai-style home he built on a Bangkok klong. Less well known except to his close friends was his enthusiasm for tropical gardening, which began in the small compound of his first house and continued in the more spacious area around the Thai structures into which he moved in 1959. A large Rain tree (Samanea daman) already grew on the
