by others, from intention to deceive by obscurity. And this is incident to none but those that converse in questions of matters incomprehensible, as the Schoolmen; or in questions of abstruse philosophy. The common sort of men seldom speak insignificantly, and are therefore, by those other egregious persons, counted idiots. But to be assured their words are without anything correspondent to them in the mind, there would need some examples; which if any man require, let him take a Schoolman into his hands and see if he can translate any one chapter concerning any difficult point; as the Trinity, the Deity, the nature of Christ, transubstantiation, free will, etc., into any of the modern tongues, so as to make the same intelligible; or into any tolerable Latin, such as they were acquainted withal that lived when the Latin tongue was vulgar. What is the meaning of these words: "The first cause does not necessarily inflow anything into the second, by force of the essential subordination of the second causes, by which it may help it to work?" They are the translation of the title of the sixth chapter of Suarez's first book, Of the Concourse, Motion, and Help of God. When men write whole volumes of such stuff, are they not mad, or intend to make others so? And particularly, in the question of transubstantiation; where after certain words spoken they that say, the whiteness, roundness, magnitude, quality, corruptibility, all which are incorporeal, etc., go out of the wafer into the body of our blessed Saviour, do they not make those nesses, tudes, and ties to be so many spirits possessing his body? For by spirits they mean always things that, being incorporeal, are nevertheless movable from one place to another. So that this kind of absurdity may rightly be numbered amongst the many sorts of madness; and all the time that, guided by clear thoughts of their worldly lust, they forbear disputing or writing thus, but lucid intervals. And thus much of the virtues and defects intellectual.
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CHAPTER IX OF THE SEVERAL SUBJECT OF KNOWLEDGE
THERE ARE OF ARE OF KNOWLEDGE TWO KINDS, WHEREOF ONE IS KNOWLEDGE of fact; the other, knowledge of the consequence of one affirmation to another. The former is nothing else but sense and memory, and is absolute knowledge; as when we see a fact doing, or remember it done; and this is the knowledge required in a witness. The latter is called science, and is conditional; as when we know that: if the figure shown be a circle, then any straight line through the center shall divide it into two equal parts. And this is the knowledge required in a philosopher; that is to say, of him that pretends to reasoning.
The register of knowledge of fact is called history, whereof there be two sorts: one called natural history; which is the history of such facts, or effects of Nature, as have no dependence on man's will; such as are the histories of metals, plants, animals, regions, and the like. The other is civil history, which is the history of the voluntary actions of men in Commonwealths.
The registers of science are such books as contain the demonstrations of consequences of one affirmation to another; and are commonly called books of philosophy; whereof the sorts are many, according to the diversity of the matter; and may be divided in such manner as I have divided them in the following table.
SCIENCE, that is, knowledge of consequences; which is called also PHILOSOPHY
1. Consequences from accidents of bodies natural; which is called NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
1.1. Consequences from accidents common to all bodies natural; which are quantity, and motion.
1.1.1. Consequences from quantity, and motion indeterminate; which, being the principles or first foundation of philosophy, is called PHILOSOPHIA PRIMA
1.1.2. Consequences from motion, and quantity determined
1.1.2.1. Consequences from quantity, and motion determined
1.1.2.1.1. By figure,
1.1.2.1.2. By number
~ Mathematics, GEOMETRY, ARITHMETIC
1.1.2.2. Consequences from motion, and quantity of bodies in special
1.1.2.2.1. Consequences from motion, and quantity of the great parts of the world, as the earth and stars,
~ Cosmography, ASTRONOMY, GEOGRAPHY
1.1.2.2.2. Consequences from motion of special kinds, and figures of body,
~ Mechanics, doctrine of weight Science of ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTURE, NAVIGATION
1.2. PHYSICS, or consequences from qualities
1.2.1. Consequences from qualities of bodies transient, such as sometimes appear, sometimes vanish, METEOROLOGY
1.2.2. Consequences from qualities of bodies permanent
1.2.2.1. Consequences from qualities of stars
1.2.2.1.1. Consequences from the light of the stars. Out of this, and the motion of the sun, is made the science of SCIOGRAPHY
1.2.2.1.2. Consequences from the influence of the stars, ASTROLOGY
1.2.2.2. Consequences of qualities from liquid bodies that fill the space between the stars; such as are the air, or substance ethereal
1.2.2.3. Consequences from qualities of bodies terrestrial
1.2.2.3.1. Consequences from parts of the earth that are without sense,
1.2.2.3.1.1. Consequences from qualities of minerals, as stones, metals, etc.
1.2.2.3.1.2. Consequences from the qualities of vegetables
1.2.2.3.2. Consequences from qualities of animals
1.2.2.3.2.1. Consequences from qualities of animals in general
1.2.2.3.2.1.1. Consequences from vision, OPTICS
1.2.2.3.2.1.2. Consequences from sounds, MUSIC
1.2.2.3.2.1.3. Consequences from the rest of the senses
1.2.2.3.2.2. Consequences from qualities of men in special
1.2.2.3.2.2.1. Consequences from passions of men, ETHICS
1.2.2.3.2.2.2. Consequences from speech,
1.2.2.3.2.2.2.1. In magnifying, vilifying, etc. POETRY
1.2.2.3.2.2.2.2. In persuading, RHETORIC
1.2.2.3.2.2.2.3. In reasoning, LOGIC
1.2.2.3.2.2.2.4. In contracting, The Science of JUST and UNJUST
2. Consequences from accidents of politic bodies; which is called POLITICS, AND CIVIL PHILOSOPHY
2.1. Of consequences from the institution of COMMONWEALTHS, to the rights, and duties of the body politic, or sovereign
2.2. Of consequences from the same, to the duty and right of the subjects
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CHAPTER X OF POWER, WORTH, DIGNITY, HONOUR AND WORTHINESS
THE POWER OF A MAN, TO TAKE IT UNIVERSALLY, IS HIS PRESENT MEANS TO obtain some future apparent good, and is either original or instrumental.
