acquisition needs, it is important to understand that not all students learning English need the same scaffolds, the same types of instruction, or the same performance tasks. What they need depends on which stage of language acquisition they are in. While people don’t fit into boxes, and language learning is a fluid process, it truly helps to understand the five stages of language acquisition and assess where your students are so you can tailor instruction based on their language needs. These five stages, as described in the table on the next page, are preproduction, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency (Haynes & Zacarian, 2010; Krashen, 1982, 2003; Krashen & Terrell, 1983).
It is also important to note that students acquire language in a natural order (Krashen, 1982, 2003; Peregoy & Boyle, 2012). The key idea here is that students learn English not in the order that you teach it but, rather, in the natural way that the brain learns language. In other words, you can’t force students to learn a grammar rule by teaching it explicitly, but you can ensure that students acquire English rapidly by providing engaging language—rich, supportive, culturally respectful—and meaningful classroom experiences in English (Akhavan, 2006; Hoover & Patton, 2005).
Offer Collaborative Activities
To support language acquisition, it is important to provide learning activities that encourage English language learners to work together with native English speakers so that they have opportunities to talk, think, read, and write in English. It is also important to take into consideration the prior knowledge of the English language learners and preview, or front-load, information, ideas, and activities with them in small groups before they join the whole group for a lesson in English. This front-loading in small-group discussion gives English language learners the opportunity to develop knowledge about a subject, discuss the topic in a “safe” setting where they can question, and even use their primary language to discuss the lesson so that they have a foundation before receiving the main lesson in English.
Check the Clarity of Your Lessons
Making your lessons understandable to English language learners is the most important thing you can do to help these students be successful in your classroom. Making “input” comprehensible will help your students participate in lessons, help them understand what is going on in the classroom, and encourage them to speak in English as appropriate (Krashen, 2003). You need to provide comprehensible lessons that scaffold the language learner. Scaffolds can include pictures, objects, media from the Internet, and other realia; the important thing is that they powerfully contextualize what you are saying, making it comprehensible and concrete.
Speak Clearly and at an Appropriate Pace
It also helps to slow down your speech rate, and to repeat what you are saying to give students learning English “clues” about what you are teaching and time to process. This is true not only for students new to English but also for students who seem to be proficient because they can speak well in English but may not have yet developed academic language.
Attune Your Teaching and Learning Expectations to the Stages of Language Acquisition
Language-appropriate, culturally relevant instruction and instruction with high expectations for learning can support students as they learn English. The following table explains the five stages of language acquisition and highlights learner characteristics at each stage. You can best support language acquisition by matching your expectations for student production and interaction in English with the stages that your students are in, as evidenced by their oral and written work.
Unfortunately, many students remain in the intermediate and early advanced stages for their entire school careers, never reaching full English proficiency. These students, considered long-term English learners, struggle in content-area classes. This is why it is so important that you know and understand the five stages of language acquisition; this knowledge enables you to differentiate instruction based on student needs.
The Five Stages of Language Acquisition: What to Expect of Students
References
Akhavan, N. (2006). Help! My kids don’t all speak English: How to set up a language workshop in your linguistically diverse classroom. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Haynes, J., & Zacarian, D. (2010). Teaching English language learners: Across the content areas. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
Hoover, J., & Patton, J. (2005). Differentiating curriculum and instruction for English-language learners with special needs. Intervention in School and Clinic, 40(4), 231–235.
Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition [Internet edition July 2009]. Retrieved from http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf
Krashen, S. D. (2003). Explorations in language acquisition and use: The Taipei lectures. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, D. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. Hayward, CA: Alemany Press.
Peregoy, S. F., & Boyle, O. F. (2012). Reading, writing, and learning in ESL: A resource book for teaching K–12 English learners (6th ed.). New York, NY: Longman.
Indexes Cross-Referencing Your State Standards
Available for download at resources.corwin.com/literacycompanionk-2
Alaska, Kindergarten
Alaska, Grade 1
Alaska, Grade 2
Arizona, Kindergarten
Arizona, Grade 1
Arizona, Grade 2
Arkansas, Kindergarten
Arkansas,
