movements and the spaces they inhabited (Desai and Pithouse 2004).
As black urban and periurban communities grew, the anti-apartheid movement mobilized them to expand the fight against apartheid. Civic organizations, including street committees and township-wide governing bodies, developed that were based on the notion of community self-organization. The urban civics movement operated as the de facto local state in black urban areas during the 1980s. In addition, the United Democratic Front (UDF) formed in 1983 as an umbrella organization to house the growing trade union movement, faith-based organizations, and urban civics structures, among others.62 The UDF formed in response to the apartheid state’s proposal of a tricameral legislative structure, an attempt to ward off revolutionary social change.63 The apartheid state sought to include the limited input of “Indians” and “coloureds” but at rates that were not representative of population distribution and without meaningful voting power. Critically, the tricameral parliament excluded black South Africans, as they remained citizens of the “politically independent” Bantustans. The UDF combined the various elements of the anti-apartheid movement and included the powerful National Union of Mineworkers. When combined with the mass stay-away campaigns and rent boycotts coordinated by urban civics structures, the UDF served as the backbone for the emerging Mass Democratic Movement aimed at ending apartheid.
The anti-apartheid movement within South Africa built upon structures of democratic decision-making and nonracial alliance building that were developed by early anti-apartheid activists. Building on the Freedom Charter and the forms of self-governance that had emerged in black South African urban areas, the anti-apartheid movement carried forward the political principles and social practices developed in response to white settler rule. These would inform the broad social mobilization that ended apartheid as well as social movements during the post-apartheid era. Anti-apartheid activists became centrally involved in a series of “new social movements” that emerged in response to post-apartheid austerity, and the political approach and practices of the anti-apartheid movement are also evident in the South African HIV/AIDS movement’s campaign for treatment access.
Conclusion
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