Standing Our Ground. Joyce M. Barry

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there’s something you can do about it. That you’re not totally powerless.” She turned this recognition into political action by bearing witness to the social and environmental destructiveness of mountaintop removal coal mining and fighting for coalfield justice.

      Women like Lorelei Scarbro who organize or join grassroots efforts to end MTR in Appalachia are representative of the larger social phenomenon of women’s participation in environmental justice activism. Around the country and worldwide, poor women, working-class white women, and women of color respond collectively to threats on their homes and communities. Too often the tireless efforts of these women go unnoticed by environmental justice analyses. This is a troubling omission considering the sheer numbers of women involved in such campaigns, and that most EJ organizations emerge because women make these issues public in their communities.² Environmental justice has, over its thirty-five-year history, highlighted the ways in which human differences based on race and class are connected to the environment, but EJ has done a less than adequate job of highlighting the role of gender in both the effects of and the responses to social and environmental injustices.³ This chapter reviews the historical environmental justice focus on race and class, and expands the EJ framework by centralizing gender in this analysis of women’s involvement in the movement to end mountaintop removal coal mining in Appalachia. My analysis focuses strictly on environmental justice in the United States. Global connections to EJ, including women’s participation, are explored in chapter 5. In examining the gendered articulations inherent in campaigns to end MTR in rural, largely white, coalfield communities, I strategically situate this evolving movement within environmental justice praxis.

      Race, Class, Gender, and Anti–Mountaintop Removal Activism: Expanding the Environmental Justice Framework

      In 2007, environmental scholars and practitioners debated the merits of the controversial Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, which poses a reenvisioning of environmental thought and practice to confront problems related to climate change. The book, born from the 2004 essay “The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World,” ignited a firestorm in environmental circles upon its release. Authors Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, career Washington strategists for mainstream environmental organizations, argue that the old environmental paradigm of regulation and conservationism is insufficient in addressing climate change: “The challenge of climate change is so massive, so global, and so complex that it can be overcome only if we look beyond the issue categories of the past and embrace a grand new vision for the future.”⁴ For some environmental justice advocates, this text appeared a welcome critical examination of the shortcomings of the regulatory approach of mainstream American environmentalism, which EJ has consistently critiqued, along with its failure to link social justice and environmentalism. However, the promise of Break Through is ultimately negated by its dismissal of environmental justice thought and practice, which the authors place in the category of special interests.

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